Microstructural stability of 9--12%Cr ferrite/martensite heat-resistant steels

doi:10.1007/s11706-013-0189-5

Front Mater Sci

2013, Vol. 7

Issue (1) : 1-27 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-013-0189-5

REVIEW ARTICLE

Microstructural stability of 9--12%Cr ferrite/martensite heat-resistant steels

Wei YAN, Wei WANG, Yi-Yin SHAN, Ke YANG(

)

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

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Abstract

The microstructural evolutions of advanced 9--12%Cr ferrite/martensite heat-resistant steels used for power generation plants are reviewed in this article. Despite of the small differences in chemical compositions, the steels share the same microstructure of the as-tempered martensite. It is the thermal stability of the initial microstructure that matters the creep behavior of these heat-resistant steels. The microstructural evolutions involved? in? 9--12%Cr ?ferrite ?heat-resistant ?steels ?are ?elabo- rated, including (1) martensitic lath widening, (2) disappearance of prior austenite grain boundary, (3) emergence of subgrains, (4) coarsening of precipitates, and (5) formation of new precipitates, such as Laves-phase and Z-phase. The former three microstructural evolutions could be retarded by properly disposing the latter two. Namely improving the stability of precipitates and optimizing their size distribution can effectively exert the beneficial influence of precipitates on microstructures. In this sense, the microstructural stability of the tempered martensite is in fact the stability of precipitates during the creep. Many attempts have been carried out to improve the microstructural stability of 9--12%Cr steels and several promising heat-resistant steels have been developed.

Keywords heat-resistant steel microstructure martensite precipitate microstructural evolution

Corresponding Author(s): YANG Ke,Email:kyang@imr.ac.cn

Issue Date: 05 March 2013

Cite this article:

Yi-Yin SHAN,Ke YANG,Wei YAN, et al. Microstructural stability of 9--12%Cr ferrite/martensite heat-resistant steels[J]. Front Mater Sci, 2013, 7(1): 1-27.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-013-0189-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2013/V7/I1/1

Tab.1 Chemical compositions of typical 9-12%Cr steels

Fig.4 TEM images of the 10%Cr steel under different creep conditions (600°C): 436 h at 320 MPa; 723 h at 300 MPa; 1599 h at 280 MPa; 3230 h at 250 MPa; 8354 h at 210 MPa; as-tempered. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 2011 JMST)

Fig.6 TEM images showing the disappeared prior grain boundaries in a 10%Cr steel crept at 210 MPa and 600°C for 8354 h.

Fig.7 Micrographs illustrating subgrain evolution in CLAM steel: as tempered martensite; creep at 600°C for 98 h; aging at 600°C for 5000 h; aging at 650°C for 3000 h.

Fig.8 Micrograph showing the formation of subgrains in the interrupted creep sample of CLAM steel at 600°C under load of 100 MPa.

Fig.10 Schematically illustrating the evolution of martensite into subgrains.

Fig.11 TEM images showing the pinning effect of MC on subgrain boundaries in CLAM steel: crept sample at 600°C for 632 h under 150 MPa; aging sample at 650°C for 5000 h.

Fig.12 Microstructures of P91 steel as received and after creep at 600°C for 113,431 h (gauge). Typical EDS (field-emission-gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM)) spectra for MC carbides, Laves-phases and matrix, respectively. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 2010 Elsevier)

Fig.13 MX carbonitrides in a 9%Cr steel showing the stability of MX carbonitrides: as-tempered; aging at 650°C for 4000 h.

Fig.14 Rectangular Laves-phase particles distributed along the lath boundary in a 10%Cr steel crept at 600°C: 250 MPa for 3230 h; 300 MPa for 723 h.

Fig.18 Laves-phase particles in a 10%Cr steel exposed at 600°C for 8354 h in the undeformed thread and the gauge length.

Fig.19 SEM images of creep damage in the P91 steel after creep at 600°C for 113 and 431 h 7 mm from the fracture surface: BSE-mode; SE-mode. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 2010 Elsevier)

Tab.2 The change of room temperature impact toughness in P92 steel after tempering at 760°C for 2 h

Fig.20 BSE images of the P92 steels before and after aging at 760°C for 2 h.

Fig.21 Two possible models of the Z-phase nucleation.

Fig.22 12%CrNbN experimental steel after 650°C/1000 h. (Reproduced from Ref. [])

Fig.23 TEM images of a FeTa Laves-phase strengthened steel, Ta7Cr (1%Ta, 7%Cr, in wt.%): as heat-treated initial microstructure; Laves-phase pinning subgrains during creep. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 1976 Springer)

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