Speciation, sources, and risk assessment of heavy metals in suburban vegetable garden soil in Xianyang City, Northwest China

doi:10.1007/s11707-017-0658-8

Front. Earth Sci.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (2) : 397-407 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-017-0658-8

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Speciation, sources, and risk assessment of heavy metals in suburban vegetable garden soil in Xianyang City, Northwest China

Lijun WANG¹(

), Wendong TAO², Richard C. SMARDON², Xue XU¹, Xinwei LU¹

¹. Department of Environmental Science, College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
². College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, NY 13201, USA

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Abstract

Intensive anthropogenic activities can lead to soil heavy metal contamination resulting in potential risks to the environment and to human health. To reveal the concentrations, speciation, sources, pollution level, and ecological risk of heavy metals in vegetable garden soil, a total of 136 soil samples were collected from three vegetable production fields in the suburbs of Xianyang City, Northwest China. These samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the mean concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, and Hg in vegetable garden soil were higher than the corresponding soil element background values of Shaanxi Province. The heavy metals studied in vegetable garden soil were primarily found in the residual fraction, averaging from 31.26% (Pb) to 90.23% (Cr). Considering the non-residual fractions, the mobility or potential risk was in the order of Pb (68.74%)>Co (60.54%)>Mn (59.28%)>Cd (53.54%)>>Ni (23.36%)>Zn (22.73%)>Cu (14.93%)>V (11.81%)>Cr (9.78%). Cr, Mn, Ni, V, and As in the studied soil were related to soil-forming parent materials, while Cu, Hg, Zn, Cd, Co, and Pb were associated with the application of plastic films, fertilizers, and pesticides, as well as traffic emissions and industrial fumes. Cr, Ni, V, and As presented low contamination levels, whereas Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn levels were moderate, and Cd and Hg were high. Ecological risk was low for Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, and As, with high risk observed for Cd and Hg. The overall pollution level and ecological risk of these heavy metals were high.

Keywords heavy metal speciation source pollution level ecological risk vegetable garden soil

Corresponding Author(s): Lijun WANG

Just Accepted Date: 19 June 2017 Online First Date: 14 July 2017 Issue Date: 09 May 2018

Cite this article:

Lijun WANG,Wendong TAO,Richard C. SMARDON, et al. Speciation, sources, and risk assessment of heavy metals in suburban vegetable garden soil in Xianyang City, Northwest China[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2018, 12(2): 397-407.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-017-0658-8
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2018/V12/I2/397

Fig.1 Location of the study area in the suburb of Xianyang City of China.

Items	Min	Max	Mean	SD	CV
pH	6.98	8.25	7.60	0.31	0.04
EC/(mS·cm⁻¹)	3.4	1902.0	459.1	312.80	0.68
LOI/%	3.53	8.00	4.76	0.64	0.13
Clay/%	3.11	9.78	6.29	1.48	0.24
Slit/%	39.76	73.64	61.06	7.25	0.12
Sand/%	16.59	57.13	32.65	8.58	0.26
$χ LF$ /(10⁻⁸m³·kg⁻¹)	53.3	139.9	88.2	13.07	0.15
$χ HF$ /(10⁻⁸m³·kg⁻¹)	51.3	137.5	83.2	12.17	0.15
$χ FD$ /%	1.29	9.80	5.64	1.86	0.33

Tab.1 Physiochemical properties of vegetable garden soil from the suburbs of Xianyang City

Tab.2 Concentrations of heavy metals in vegetable garden soil from the suburbs of Xianyang City (mg/kg)

Regions	Soil types	Cd	Co	Cr	Cu	Mn	Ni	Pb	Zn	As	Hg	References
Xi’anyang, Shaanxi, China	Vegetable soil	0.78	17.1	55.36	25.52	611.07	25.33	39.44	190.54	8.35	0.13	In this study
Shandong, China	Vegetable soil	0.15	NA	41.78	29.28	NA	28.00	16.18	82.26	9.02	0.09	^{Liu et al. (2011)}
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China	Vegetable soil	0.26	9.25	62.23	36.57	415.27	20.04	46.15	116.07	6.25	0.69	^{Chen et al. (2008)}
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China	Vegetable soil	0.193	9.10	NA	21.34	393.65	20.28	NA	81.11	NA	0.187	^{Chen et al. (2009)}
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China	Vegetable soil	0.39	NA	81.4	NA	NA	NA	30.3	NA	7.57	0.42	^{Ye et al. (2015)}
Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China	Vegetable soil	0.26	NA	82.7	NA	NA	NA	29.5	NA	7.89	0.42	^{Ye et al. (2015)}
Ningbo, Zhejiang, China	Vegetable soil	0.34	NA	82.90	NA	NA	NA	30.10	NA	7.60	0.42	^{Ye et al. (2015)}
Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China	Vegetable soil	0.34	NA	82.60	NA	NA	NA	33.60	NA	7.36	0.38	^{Ye et al. (2015)}
Taizhou, Zhejiang, China	Vegetable soil	0.21	NA	82.80	NA	NA	NA	27.40	NA	6.39	0.30	^{Ye et al. (2015)}
Wuxi, Jiangsu, China	Vegetable soil	0.143	NA	58.6	40.4	NA	NA	46.7	112.9	14.3	0.161	^{Zhao et al. (2007)}
Baguazhou Island, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China	Vegetable soil	0.314	NA	133	41.0	NA	58.0	31.8	114	NA	NA	^{Cui et al. (2015)}
Nanjing, Jiangsu, China	Conventional greenhouse soil	0.19	NA	NA	35.67	NA	NA	37.87	97.05	9.58	0.27	^{Chen et al. (2014)}
	Organic greenhouse soil	0.27	NA	NA	37.13	NA	NA	26.5	94.07	6.21	0.08	^{Chen et al. (2014)}
Shouguang, Shandong, China	Solar greenhouse soil	0.196	NA	67.13	27.86	NA	28.93	20.06	115.79	6.88	0.044	^{Tian et al. (2016)}
Dongtai, Jiangsu, China	Plastic greenhouse soil	0.161	NA	49.33	14.87	NA	21.3	17.58	56.63	5.42	0.031	^{Tian et al. (2016)}
Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China	Agricultural soil	0.3	NA	77.2	33.9	NA	38.5	35.7	98.1	10.2	0.2	^{Huang et al. (2007)}
Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China	Agricultural soil	0.221	NA	87.8	32.4	NA	36.4	33.9	94.9	8.55	0.199	^{Xu et al. (2014)}
Dehui, Changchun, Jilin, China	Agricultural soil	NA	NA	49.7	18.9	NA	20.8	35.4	58.9	NA	NA	^{Sun et al. (2013)}
Shunde, Guangzhou, China	Agricultural soil	0.60	16.76	78.87	NA	NA	33.45	NA	NA	16.08	0.38	^{Cai et al. (2015)}
Shunyi, Beijing, China	Agricultural soil	0.136	NA	NA	22.4	NA	NA	20.4	69.8	7.85	0.073	^{Lu et al. (2012)}
Taiyuan, Shanxi, China	Agricultural soil	0.25	NA	74.10	32.11	NA	29.74	27.87	90.76	10.7	0.09	^{Liu et al. (2015)}
Canakkale, Turkey	Agricultural soil	1.48	9.08	43.38	22.50	629.8	61.11	19.66	41.24	NA	NA	^{Sungur et al. (2015)}
Argolida basin, Greece	Agricultural soil	NA	21.99	83.12	74.68	1020.5	146.8	19.74	74.88	6.95	NA	^{Kelepertzis (2014)}

Tab.3 Concentration comparison of heavy metals in vegetable garden/agricultural soil from different areas

Fig.2 Speciation of heavy metals in the vegetable garden soil.

Tab.4 Results of principal component analysis of heavy metals

Fig.3 Results of cluster analysis of heavy metals.

Tab.5 Pollution indices of heavy metals in the study area for 136 vegetable garden soil samples

Tab.6 Ecological risk indices of heavy metals in the study area with 136 vegetable garden soil samples

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