Fabrication of the TiO2/Ti3C2 loaded ceramic membrane targeting for photocatalytic degradation of PPCPs: ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and ibuprofen

doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1883-5

2024, Vol. 18

Issue (10) : 123 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1883-5

Fabrication of the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ loaded ceramic membrane targeting for photocatalytic degradation of PPCPs: ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and ibuprofen

Taisheng Zhao, Xiaoman Liu, Lankun Huai, Rui Feng, Tao Yan, Weiying Xu, Yanxia Zhao(

)

School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

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Abstract

● TiO₂ nanoparticles are generated in situ on layered Ti₃C₂ MXene.

● TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ photocatalytic ceramic membrane enables one-step solid-liquid separation.

● The membrane enhances photocatalytic degradation of PPCPs like CIP, TCN, and IBP.

● Calcination increased membrane flux from 80 to 320 L/(m²·h).

● The ceramic membranes exhibit good stability and have broad market prospects.

Photocatalytic membranes offer an effective strategy to overcome the difficulties of solid-liquid separation and secondary contamination of powdered photocatalysts. MXene is a 2D material of layered Ti₃C₂, which is considered to limit electron-hole separation and contribute to photocatalysis. In this work, the etched Ti₃C₂ MXene was loaded on the surface of ceramic membranes using polydopamine (PDA) as a binder, followed by one-step calcination to produce TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) in situ. The characterizations supported that the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ ceramic membranes had high mechanical strength while retaining the layered structure of Ti₃C₂, which was conducive to the inhibition of electron and hole complexation, improving the photocatalytic performance. Degradation experiments revealed that the material showed enhanced degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) such as ciprofloxacin (CIP), tetracycline (TCN) and ibuprofen (IBP). The LC-MS and toxicity prediction models indicated that the developmental toxicity of CIP degradation products decreased with prolonged photocatalytic reaction, exhibiting no acute toxicity to fish. The MT650 exhibited significantly enhanced water flux properties (320 L/(m²·h)). The TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ ceramic membranes explored in this work are expected to target the treatment of PPCPs with excellent engineering promise.

Keywords MXene TiO₂ Photocatalytic degradation Ceramic membrane Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)

Corresponding Author(s): Yanxia Zhao

Issue Date: 18 July 2024

Cite this article:

Taisheng Zhao,Xiaoman Liu,Lankun Huai, et al. Fabrication of the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ loaded ceramic membrane targeting for photocatalytic degradation of PPCPs: ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and ibuprofen[J]. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 2024, 18(10): 123.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1883-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I10/123

Fig.1 Keywords for the application of MXene materials screened in 790 papers using VOSviewer 1.6.19 software.

Fig.2 Preparation of (a) Ti₃C₂ nanosheets and (b)TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ modified ceramic membranes; SEM/EDS images with C and O elements of (c) MT25 and (d) MT650; Physical images of (e) MT25 and (f) MT650.

Fig.3 (a) XRD and (b) magnified XRD patterns of MXene-ceramic membranes at different calcination temperatures; XPS (c) total energy spectrum (d) C 1s, (e) O 1s, and (f) Ti 2p of MT25, MT450, and MT650.

Fig.4 (a) PL spectroscopy, (b) UV-vis spectroscopy, and (c) band gap energy diagram of the membrane with different calcination temperatures; (d) scratch observed in the optical microscope; (e) Load force, friction, acoustic signal, and scratch depth data for nano-scratch testing; (f) thermogravimetric test.

Fig.5 (a) Degradation of different pollutants, degradation of (b) ciprofloxacin (c) methylene blue by MXene-ceramic membranes with different calcination temperatures, (d) circulation tests, and (e) comparison of degradation rates with other studies.

Scheme1 Photocatalytic degradation mechanism of CIP by TiO₂/Ti₃C₂ ceramic membranes.

Fig.6 (a) Degradation pathways and intermediate molecules of CIP; (b) developmental toxicity of intermediate products based on T.E.S.T software. Acute toxicity prediction for (c) fish, (d) daphnid, and (e) green algae based on ECOSAR software.

Fig.7 Water contact angle of (a) virgin ceramic membranes VCM, (b) MT25 and (c) MT650 (Ti₃C₂ loading of 0.2 mg/cm³); (d) pure water fluxes of different ceramic membranes; (e) permeate fluxes, and (f) normalized fluxes under simulated water conditions.

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