Novel functions of GABA signaling in adult neurogenesis

doi:10.1007/s11515-013-1270-2

Front Biol

2013, Vol. 8

Issue (5) : 496-507 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-013-1270-2

REVIEW

Novel functions of GABA signaling in adult neurogenesis

Adalto PONTES^1,2, Yonggang ZHANG¹, Wenhui HU¹(

)

1. Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; 2. Universidade do Estado do Pará, Santarém, PA, Brasil

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Abstract

Neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutiric acid (GABA) through ionotropic GABA_A and metabotropic GABA_B receptors plays key roles in modulating the development, plasticity and function of neuronal networks. GABA is inhibitory in mature neurons but excitatory in immature neurons, neuroblasts and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs). The switch from excitatory to inhibitory occurs following the development of glutamatergic synaptic input and results from the dynamic changes in the expression of Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl^- co-transporter NKCC1 driving Cl^- influx and neuron-specific K⁺/ Cl^- co-transporter KCC2 driving Cl^- efflux. The developmental transition of KCC2 expression is regulated by Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. The excitatory GABA signaling during early neurogenesis is important to the activity/experience-induced regulation of NSC quiescence, NPC proliferation, neuroblast migration and new-born neuronal maturation/functional integration. The inhibitory GABA signaling allows for the sparse and static functional networking essential for learning/memory development and maintenance.

Keywords neurogenesis neural stem cells GABA signal pathways co-transporter neurons

Corresponding Author(s): HU Wenhui,Email:whu@temple.edu

Issue Date: 01 October 2013

Cite this article:

Adalto PONTES,Yonggang ZHANG,Wenhui HU. Novel functions of GABA signaling in adult neurogenesis[J]. Front Biol, 2013, 8(5): 496-507.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-013-1270-2
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2013/V8/I5/496

Tab.1 Characteristics of various stages of neurogenesis

Fig.1 Mechanism of GABA and NMDA receptor co-activation leading to the spontaneous synchronous activity (SSA) formation. The morphological pattern in which NMDARs are co-localized with GABARs in GABAergic synapses may explain SSA’s initiation. A. GABARs are the first to mature and activated in the CNS, while NMDARs are kept blocked by Mg. B. GABA release from GABAergic terminals activates GABARs, generating a local post-synaptic depolarization. C. The membrane depolarization removes the Mg blockade within NMDARs, through which calcium flows. The calcium influx through the NMDARs allows an amplification of the membrane depolarization, allowing other NMDARs in neighboring synapses to be activated. D. The activation of NMDARs in neighboring synapses may be the critical factor responsible for the initiation of SSAs. References: (; ; ; ).

Fig.2 Functional organization of the network involved in RGL cell arrest in the quiescent stage. The diagram shows the relation between the Entorhinal Cortex (EC), Mature Granule Cells (MGCs), Parvalbumin positive (PV) interneurons and Radial Glia-Like (RGL) cells in the hippocampus. Information input from the EC to the MGCs leads to neural circuit activation. MGCs are interconnected with PV interneurons, which are responsible for GABAergic input to the MGCs. PV interneurons and MGCs modulate each other. If MGCs are highly activated, the PV interneurons will receive more stimulation from them and consequently inhibit the MGCs. References: (; ; ).

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