Modeling murine yolk sac hematopoiesis with embryonic stem cell culture systems

doi:10.1007/s11515-014-1328-9

Front. Biol.

2014, Vol. 9

Issue (5) : 339-346 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-014-1328-9

REVIEW

Modeling murine yolk sac hematopoiesis with embryonic stem cell culture systems

Brandoch D. COOK(

)

Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA

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Abstract

The onset of hematopoiesis in mammals is defined by generation of primitive erythrocytes and macrophage progenitors in embryonic yolk sac. Laboratories have met the challenge of transient and swiftly changing specification events from ventral mesoderm through multipotent progenitors and maturing lineage-restricted hematopoietic subtypes, by developing powerful in vitro experimental models to interrogate hematopoietic ontogeny. Most importantly, studies of differentiating embryonic stem cell derivatives in embryoid body and stromal coculture systems have identified crucial roles for transcription factor networks (e.g. Gata1, Runx1, Scl) and signaling pathways (e.g. BMP, VEGF, WNT) in controlling stem and progenitor cell output. These and other relevant pathways have pleiotropic biological effects, and are often associated with early embryonic lethality in knockout mice. Further refinement in subsequent studies has allowed conditional expression of key regulatory genes, and isolation of progenitors via cell surface markers (e.g. FLK1) and reporter-tagged constructs, with the purpose of measuring their primitive and definitive hematopoietic potential. These observations continue to inform attempts to direct the differentiation, and augment the expansion, of progenitors in human cell culture systems that may prove useful in cell replacement therapies for hematopoietic deficiencies. The purpose of this review is to survey the extant literature on the use of differentiating murine embryonic stem cells in culture to model the developmental process of yolk sac hematopoiesis.

Keywords hematopoietic progenitors embryonic stem cells differentiation

Corresponding Author(s): Brandoch D. COOK

Just Accepted Date: 11 August 2014 Online First Date: 02 September 2014 Issue Date: 11 October 2014

Cite this article:

Brandoch D. COOK. Modeling murine yolk sac hematopoiesis with embryonic stem cell culture systems[J]. Front. Biol., 2014, 9(5): 339-346.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-014-1328-9
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2014/V9/I5/339

Fig.1 Differentiating embryonic stem cells as a model system for embryonic hematopoiesis. (A) A schematic of hematopoietic transitions in the developing mouse embryo, showing the approximate embryonic developmental time frame associated with each site. Also shown are key cell types that arise at each site/time point, with the first events generating primitive erythroid progenitors and endothelium in the extra-embryonic yolk sac (YS) from ventral mesoderm-derived hemangioblast. Hemogenic endothelium generated in P-Sp and AGM begins the definitive wave that marks the transition to the fetal liver and finally the bone marrow as the site of hematopoietic renewal via adult HSCs. Abbreviations: Para-aortic splanchnopleura (P-Sp); aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM); endothelial cell (EC); primitive and definitive erythrocyte (EryP and EryD); hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). (B) Schematic of analogous hematopoietic progenitor development in murine ES/EB cultures, with timeline highlighted in yellow and mirrored to embryonic development. Specification of progenitors proceeds from mesoderm generated in early EBs stimulated to adopt hemato-vascular fate by Activin, VEGF, and BMP, resulting in a BL-CFC population that is FLK1⁺/BRY⁺ and equivalent to the hemangioblast, capable of generating hematopoietic colonies equivalent to progenitors from yolk sac. A second FLK1⁺ cell population co-expresses SOX17, and functions similarly to hemogenic endothelium, with potential for definitive hematopoietic lineages including lymphoid cells.

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