Clastogenic ROS and biophotonics in precancerous diagnosis

doi:10.1007/s11515-018-1488-0

Front. Biol.

2018, Vol. 13

Issue (2) : 103-122 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-018-1488-0

REVIEW

Clastogenic ROS and biophotonics in precancerous diagnosis

Muhammad Naveed¹(

), Mohammad Raees², Irfan Liaqat², Mohammad Kashif²

¹. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
². Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan 50700, Pakistan

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. The application of biophotonics for diagnosing precancerous lesions is a major breakthrough in oncology and is associated with the expression of clastogenic bio-markers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), namely, superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxidation products. These ROS are the major sources of ultra-weak biophotons emission; in addition, biophotons are emitted from other biomolecules, which are not associated with ROS. The precancerous phase is diagnosed on the basis of biophoton emission from biomarkers. The type of biophotons emitted depends on the structure of the clastogenic ROS.

METHODS: ROS-based emission of ultra-weak photons can be detected using charge coupled device (CCD) cameras and photomultiplier tubes. Furthermore, spectroscopic and microscopic analysis can yield more advanced and definite results.

RESULTS: The frequency and intensity of biophoton emission associated with each ROS provides information regarding the precancerous phase. Previous have attempted to show an association between precancerous growth and biophoton emission; however, their results were not conclusive. In this review, we have addressed multiple aspects of the molecular environment, especially light- matter interactions, to derive a successful theoretical relationship which may have the ability to diaganose the tumor at precancerous stage and to give the solutions of previous failures. This can be a major quantum leap toward precancerous diagnosis therapy.

CONCLUSION: Biophotonics provides an advanced framework, for easily diagnosing cancer at its preliminary stage. The relationship between biophotons, clastogenic factors, and biochemical reactions in the cellular microenvironment can be understood successfully. The advancement in precancerous diagnosis will improve human health worldwide. The versatility of biophotonics can be used further for novel applications in biology, biochemistry, chemistry and social fields.

Keywords biophotons CCD camera molecular environment oncology precancerous photomultiplier ROS

Corresponding Author(s): Muhammad Naveed

Online First Date: 09 May 2018 Issue Date: 28 May 2018

Cite this article:

Muhammad Naveed,Mohammad Raees,Irfan Liaqat, et al. Clastogenic ROS and biophotonics in precancerous diagnosis[J]. Front. Biol., 2018, 13(2): 103-122.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-018-1488-0
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2018/V13/I2/103

Fig.1 Major signs of cancer cells. The emerging hallmarks of cancerous cells can provide detailed information about specific stages of cancer.

Fig.2 Major signs of cancer cells. The emerging hallmarks of cancerous cells can provide detailed information about specific stages of cancer.

Fig.3 Different ROS-dependent pathways that mutate DNA.

Fig.4 (A) Atomic structure of a hydrogen atom described by Bohr’s model. The electron (e⁻) can travel in a discrete set of circular orbits around the positively charged nucleus. The electron can gain or lose its energy to occupy different orbits (n = 1, 2, 3 ...) depending upon its energy. The more energetic the electron, the more distant it is from the nucleus. (B) Energy diagram of the hydrogen atom. (C) The orbitals of the electron of the hydrogen atom. Note that energy level n = 1 has only one type of orbital (called s orbital). In contrast, higher energy levels have more than one orbital with the same energy. For example, s and p orbitals for n = 2; s, p, and d orbitals for n = 3). This can be explained by the fact that there is more than one possible solution (wave function) to the Schrodinger equation for n>2 (source (^{Tsia, 2015}).

Fig.5 Formation of singlet oxygen by combination of two peroxyl radicals in lipids (A), proteins (B), and DNA (C). The combination of two peroxyl radicals (ROO) results in the formation of the highly unstable tetroxide (ROOOOR). Subsequent decomposition of ROOOOR leads to the formation of organic hydroxide (ROH), ground carbonyl (R= O), and singlet oxygen (¹O₂).

Fig.6 Basic apparatus for measuring ultra-weak biophoton emission from a precancerous micro-environment using CCD cameras, which produce a two-dimensional image. (Source: ^{Rastogi and Pospisil, 2013})

Fig.7 Instrumentation of a photomultiplier for obtaining one-dimensional image of ultra-weak biophoton emission. (Source: ^{Rastogi and Pospisil, 2013})

Tab.1 Fluorescence dyes such as Hoechest 33342 and 2Cl-DAPI can be used to determine ROS-induced position-specific or non-specific mutations in DNA.

Fig.9 Basic instrumentation (principle) of infrared spectroscopy.

Tab.2 Determination of biomarkers on the basis of vibrational frequencies of functional types.

Fig.11 Graph 1: Biophoton emission in four anatomical sites with respect to wavelength and intensity of biophotons. The legends above the graph explain the meaning of each line (source: 102Tafur et al., 2010)

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