Please wait a minute...
Shopping Cart Email List Chinese
Advanced Search Fig/Tab
Frontiers of Medicine

ISSN 2095-0217

ISSN 2095-0225(Online)

CN 11-5983/R

Postal Subscription Code 80-967

2018 Impact Factor: 1.847

Featured Articles  |  Most Downloaded  |  Most Reading
Online Submission Subscribe to Our RSS Content Feed
Front. Med.    2023, Vol. 17 Issue (6) : 1047-1067    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-023-1041-7
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of coronavirus disease 2019-associated stroke
Lu Liu1,2, Chenxia Zhou1,2, Huimin Jiang3, Huimin Wei4, Yifan Zhou3, Chen Zhou3,5(), Xunming Ji2,3,6()
1. Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100032, China
2. Neurology and Intracranial Hypertension and Cerebral Venous Disease Center, National Health Commission of China, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100032, China
3. Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
4. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
5. Department of Neurology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
6. Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100032, China
 Download: PDF(2456 KB)   HTML
 Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks
Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has triggered a huge impact on healthcare, socioeconomics, and other aspects of the world over the past three years. An increasing number of studies have identified a complex relationship between COVID-19 and stroke, although active measures are being implemented to prevent disease transmission. Severe COVID-19 may be associated with an increased risk of stroke and increase the rates of disability and mortality, posing a serious challenge to acute stroke diagnosis, treatment, and care. This review aims to provide an update on the influence of COVID-19 itself or vaccines on stroke, including arterial stroke (ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke) and venous stroke (cerebral venous thrombosis). Additionally, the neurovascular mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the clinical characteristics of stroke in the COVID-19 setting are presented. Evidence on vaccinations, potential therapeutic approaches, and effective strategies for stroke management has been highlighted.
Keywords SARS-CoV-2      ischemic stroke      stroke      hemorrhagic stroke      cerebral venous thrombosis      vaccination     
Corresponding Author(s): Chen Zhou,Xunming Ji   
Just Accepted Date: 28 November 2023   Online First Date: 29 December 2023    Issue Date: 06 February 2024
 Cite this article:   
Lu Liu,Chenxia Zhou,Huimin Jiang, et al. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of coronavirus disease 2019-associated stroke[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(6): 1047-1067.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-023-1041-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/Y2023/V17/I6/1047
Fig.1  Overview of stroke in patients with COVID-19. CVT, cerebral venous thrombosis; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; PF4, platelet factor 4.
Fig.2  Main mechanisms of COVID-19-associated stroke. The ACE2 receptor on the endothelial cells interacts with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. This interaction reduces productive ACE2 and increases Ang II levels. Pathogen-associated antigens activate monocytes, releasing a proinflammatory cytokine storm, which increases TF expression and fibrinogen production and promotes platelet hyperactivation. TF activates the extrinsic coagulation pathway and promotes the expression of coagulation factor VII/VIIa. The impaired endothelium also exposes vWF, which exacerbates platelet aggregation. NET formation generates a thrombotic-inflammatory response and facilitates thrombosis. The interaction among cytokine storm, endothelial cell damage, ACE/Ang II /AT1R, and coagulation dysfunction ultimately leads to thrombosis and hemorrhage. ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Ang II, angiotensin II; TF, tissue factor; vWF, von Willebrand factor; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps.
Aspect Stroke with COVID-19 Stroke without COVID-19 References
Demographics More young patients (≤50 years) Older (average age > 50 years) [21, 62, 114]
Male predisposition Higher incidence in older men
Risk factors Fewer vascular risk factors Nonmodifiable risk factors: age, sex, genetics [21, 40, 114, 172, 209, 210]
Combined risks could increase disease severity Modifiable factors: hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.
More severe infectious disease Common risks in young: extracranial arterial dissections, inflammatory arteriopathies, cardiomyopathy, antiphospholipid syndrome
Stroke subtype and imaging characteristics Larger vessel occlusion, cryptogenic stroke, followed by cardioembolic stroke More small vessel disease [21, 26, 29, 62, 107, 109, 113, 150, 209, 211]
Men: more likely to suffer lacunar infarction
Less small artery stroke Women: more likely to suffer cardioembolic stroke
Multiple arterial territory involvement Children under 15 years old : congenital heart disease, nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies, infection, and hematologic defects, such as sickle cell disease, etc.
No significant difference between different populations due to limited data Patients between 15–35 years old: dissection, cardio embolism, nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies, and prothrombotic states, etc.
Clinical symptoms and severity during hospital Common neurological manifestation: fatigue, fever Adults: the sudden onset of a focal clinical deficit: hemiparesis, hemianesthesia, aphasia, homonymous hemianopsia, and hemispatial inattention, etc. [209, 212, 213]
Higher NIHSS score and in-hospital mortality, longer hospital stays Children: atypical presentations
Often requiring intubation, ICU admissions
Clinical prognosis Worse prognosis, higher 90-day mortality Younger patients: lower short-term mortality rates, long-term follow-up revealed a surplus of mortality [82, 94, 172, 209, 214]
Mortality correlation with age, especially > 25 years old Older patients: excess long-term mortality
Tab.1  Discrepancies among different stroke populations
1 PA Rota, MS Oberste, SS Monroe, WA Nix, R Campagnoli, JP Icenogle, S Peñaranda, B Bankamp, K Maher, MH Chen, S Tong, A Tamin, L Lowe, M Frace, JL DeRisi, Q Chen, D Wang, DD Erdman, TC Peret, C Burns, TG Ksiazek, PE Rollin, A Sanchez, S Liffick, B Holloway, J Limor, K McCaustland, M Olsen-Rasmussen, R Fouchier, S Günther, AD Osterhaus, C Drosten, MA Pallansch, LJ Anderson, WJ Bellini. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 2003; 300(5624): 1394–1399
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085952
2 M Saad, AS Omrani, K Baig, A Bahloul, F Elzein, MA Matin, MA Selim, M Al Mutairi, D Al Nakhli, AY Al Aidaroos, N Al Sherbeeni, HI Al-Khashan, ZA Memish, AM Albarrak. Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 29: 301–306
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.09.003
3 P Zhou, XL Yang, XG Wang, B Hu, L Zhang, W Zhang, HR Si, Y Zhu, B Li, CL Huang, HD Chen, J Chen, Y Luo, H Guo, RD Jiang, MQ Liu, Y Chen, XR Shen, X Wang, XS Zheng, K Zhao, QJ Chen, F Deng, LL Liu, B Yan, FX Zhan, YY Wang, GF Xiao, ZL Shi. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020; 579(7798): 270–273
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
4 AH Katsanos, L Palaiodimou, R Zand, S Yaghi, H Kamel, BB Navi, G Turc, M Romoli, VK Sharma, D Mavridis, S Shahjouei, L Catanese, A Shoamanesh, K Vadikolias, K Tsioufis, P Lagiou, AV Alexandrov, S Tsiodras, G Tsivgoulis. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on stroke epidemiology and care: a meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 2021; 89(2): 380–388
https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25967
5 AE Merkler, NS Parikh, S Mir, A Gupta, H Kamel, E Lin, J Lantos, EJ Schenck, P Goyal, SS Bruce, J Kahan, KN Lansdale, NM LeMoss, SB Murthy, PE Stieg, ME Fink, C Iadecola, AZ Segal, M Cusick, TR Jr Campion, I Diaz, C Zhang, BB Navi. Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs patients with influenza. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77(11): 1366–1372
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2730
6 Y Zhou, H Jiang, H Wei, L Liu, C Zhou, X Ji. Venous stroke—a stroke subtype that should not be ignored. Front Neurol 2022; 13: 1019671
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.1019671
7 T Kalekar, V Thakker, A Bansal. Role of neuroimaging in COVID 19 infection—a retrospective study. J Radiol Nurs 2021; 40(4): 370–376
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jradnu.2021.09.003
8 YR Chiew, Y Kong. Encephalopathy as the only manifestation in simultaneous arterial infarct and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in recent COVID-19 infection. Am J Case Rep 2022; 23: e938571
https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.938571
9 Z Chen, Y Peng, X Wu, B Pang, F Yang, W Zheng, C Liu, J Zhang. Comorbidities and complications of COVID-19 associated with disease severity, progression, and mortality in China with centralized isolation and hospitalization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10: 923485
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.923485
10 F Cagnazzo, C Arquizan, I Derraz, C Dargazanli, PH Lefevre, C Riquelme, N Gaillard, I Mourand, G Gascou, A Bonafe, V Costalat. Neurological manifestations of patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurol 2021; 268(8): 2656–2665
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10285-9
11 C Kurian, S Mayer, G Kaur, R Sahni, E Feldstein, M Samaan, D Viswanathan, T Sami, SF Ali, H Al-Shammari, J Bloomfield, M Bravo, R Nuoman, E Gulko, CD Gandhi, F Al-Mufti. Bihemispheric ischemic strokes in patients with COVID-19. Brain Circ 2022; 8(1): 10–16
https://doi.org/10.4103/bc.bc_65_21
12 MM Samim, D Dhar, F Arshad, DDS Anudeep, VG Patel, SR Neeharika, K Dhamija, CM Ravindranath, R Yadav, P Raja, M Netravathi, D Menon, VV Holla, NL Kamble, PK Pal, A Nalini, S Vengalil. Co-VAN study: COVID-19 vaccine associated neurological diseases—an experience from an apex neurosciences centre and review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 108: 37–75
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2022.12.015
13 FK Ho, KKC Man, M Toshner, C Church, C Celis-Morales, ICK Wong, C Berry, N Sattar, JP Pell. Thromboembolic risk in hospitalized and nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients: a self-controlled case series analysis of a nationwide cohort. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96(10): 2587–2597
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.07.002
14 LC Lund, J Hallas, H Nielsen, A Koch, SH Mogensen, NC Brun, CF Christiansen, RW Thomsen, A Pottegård. Post-acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals not requiring hospital admission: a Danish population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21(10): 1373–1382
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00211-5
15 G Piazza, U Campia, S Hurwitz, JE Snyder, SM Rizzo, MB Pfeferman, RB Morrison, O Leiva, J Fanikos, V Nauffal, Z Almarzooq, SZ Goldhaber. Registry of arterial and venous thromboembolic complications in patients with COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76(18): 2060–2072
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.070
16 A Vogrig, GL Gigli, C Bnà, M Morassi. Stroke in patients with COVID-19: clinical and neuroimaging characteristics. Neurosci Lett 2021; 743: 135564
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135564
17 S Syahrul, HA Maliga, M Ilmawan, M Fahriani, SS Mamada, JK Fajar, A Frediansyah, FN Syahrul, I Imran, S Haris, AS Rambe, TB Emran, AA Rabaan, R Tiwari, K Dhama, F Nainu, E Mutiawati, H Harapan. Hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: incidence, risk factors, and pathogenesis—a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000 Res 2021; 10: 34
https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.42308.1
18 R Bhatia, R Pedapati, S Komakula, MVP Srivastava, S Vishnubhatla, D Khurana. Stroke in coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review. J Stroke 2020; 22(3): 324–335
https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2020.02264
19 KW Lee, AHK Yusof Khan, SM Ching, PK Chia, WC Loh, AM Abdul Rashid, J Baharin, LN Inche Mat, WA Wan Sulaiman, NK Devaraj, D Sivaratnam, H Basri, FK Hoo. Stroke and novel coronavirus infection in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2020; 11: 579070
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.579070
20 I Siow, KS Lee, JJY Zhang, SE Saffari, A Ng, B Young. Stroke as a neurological complication of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes and predictors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30(3): 105549
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105549
21 S Nannoni, R de Groot, S Bell, HS Markus. Stroke in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke 2021; 16(2): 137–149
https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020972922
22 SM Silvis, DA de Sousa, JM Ferro, JM Coutinho. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13(9): 555–565
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.104
23 FO Otite, S Patel, R Sharma, P Khandwala, D Desai, JG Latorre, EO Akano, N Anikpezie, S Izzy, AM Malik, D Yavagal, P Khandelwal, S Chaturvedi. Trends in incidence and epidemiologic characteristics of cerebral venous thrombosis in the United States. Neurology 2020; 95(16): e2200–e2213
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010598
24 S Devasagayam, B Wyatt, J Leyden, T Kleinig. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis incidence is higher than previously thought: a retrospective population-based study. Stroke 2016; 47(9): 2180–2182
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013617
25 JS Koh, DA De Silva, AML Quek, HJ Chiew, TM Tu, CYH Seet, RHM Hoe, M Saini, AC Hui, J Angon, JR Ker, MH Yong, Y Goh, WY Yu, TCC Lim, BYQ Tan, KWP Ng, LLL Yeo, YZ Pang, KM Prakash, A Ahmad, T Thomas, DCB Lye, K Tan, T Umapathi. Neurology of COVID-19 in Singapore. J Neurol Sci 2020; 418: 117118
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117118
26 JE Siegler, P Cardona, JF Arenillas, B Talavera, AN Guillen, A Chavarría-Miranda, Lera M de, P Khandelwal, I Bach, P Patel, A Singla, M Requena, M Ribo, DV Jillella, S Rangaraju, RG Nogueira, DC Haussen, AR Vazquez, X Urra, Á Chamorro, LS Román, JM Thon, R Then, E Sanborn, la Ossa NP de, M Millàn, IN Ruiz, OY Mansour, M Megahed, C Tiu, EO Terecoasa, RA Radu, TN Nguyen, G Curiale, A Kaliaev, AL Czap, J Sebaugh, AM Zha, DS Liebeskind, S Ortega-Gutierrez, M Farooqui, AE Hassan, L Preston, MS Patterson, S Bushnaq, O Zaidat, TG Jovin. Cerebrovascular events and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the SVIN COVID-19 Multinational Registry. Int J Stroke 2021; 16(4): 437–447
https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020959216
27 S Shahjouei, S Naderi, J Li, A Khan, D Chaudhary, G Farahmand, S Male, C Griessenauer, M Sabra, S Mondello, A Cernigliaro, F Khodadadi, A Dev, N Goyal, S Ranji-Burachaloo, O Olulana, V Avula, SA Ebrahimzadeh, O Alizada, MM Hancı, A Ghorbani, Far A Vaghefi, A Ranta, M Punter, M Ramezani, N Ostadrahimi, G Tsivgoulis, PC Fragkou, P Nowrouzi-Sohrabi, E Karofylakis, S Tsiodras, Aghayari Sheikh S Neshin, A Saberi, M Niemelä, Jahromi B Rezai, A Mowla, M Mashayekhi, Shahripour R Bavarsad, SA Sajedi, M Ghorbani, A Kia, N Rahimian, V Abedi, R Zand. Risk of stroke in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: a multinational study. EBioMedicine 2020; 59: 102939
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102939
28 A Trimaille, A Curtiaud, B Marchandot, K Matsushita, C Sato, I Leonard-Lorant, L Sattler, L Grunebaum, M Ohana, JJ Von Hunolstein, E Andres, B Goichot, F Danion, C Kaeuffer, V Poindron, P Ohlmann, L Jesel, O Morel. Venous thromboembolism in non-critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection. Thromb Res 2020; 193: 166–169
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.033
29 F Al-Mufti, K Amuluru, R Sahni, K Bekelis, R Karimi, J Ogulnick, J Cooper, P Overby, R Nuoman, A Tiwari, K Berekashvili, N Dangayach, J Liang, G Gupta, P Khandelwal, JF Dominguez, T Sursal, H Kamal, K Dakay, B Taylor, E Gulko, M El-Ghanem, SA Mayer, C Gandhi. Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19: a New York metropolitan cohort study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42(7): 1196–1200
https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7134
30 T Baldini, GM Asioli, M Romoli, M Carvalho Dias, EC Schulte, L Hauer, D Aguiar De Sousa, J Sellner, A Zini. Cerebral venous thrombosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28(10): 3478–3490
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14727
31 TN Nguyen, MM Qureshi, P Klein, H Yamagami, M Abdalkader, R Mikulik, A Sathya, OY Mansour, A Czlonkowska, H Lo, TS Field, A Charidimou, S Banerjee, S Yaghi, JE Siegler, P Sedova, J Kwan, Sousa DA de, J Demeestere, V Inoa, SS Omran, L Zhang, P Michel, D Strambo, JP Marto, RG; SVIN COVID-19 Global COVID Stroke Registry Nogueira. Global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cerebral venous thrombosis and mortality. J Stroke 2022; 24(2): 256–265
https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2022.00752
32 M Taquet, M Husain, JR Geddes, S Luciano, PJ Harrison. Cerebral venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis: a retrospective cohort study of 537,913 COVID-19 cases. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 39: 101061
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101061
33 M Requena, M Olivé-Gadea, M Muchada, Á García-Tornel, M Deck, J Juega, S Boned, N Rodríguez-Villatoro, C Piñana, J Pagola, D Rodríguez-Luna, D Hernández, M Rubiera, A Tomasello, CA Molina, M Ribo. COVID-19 and stroke: incidence and etiological description in a high-volume center. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29(11): 105225
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105225
34 A Rothstein, O Oldridge, H Schwennesen, D Do, BL Cucchiara. Acute cerebrovascular events in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Stroke 2020; 51(9): e219–e222
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030995
35 CP Oates, SW Bienstock, M Miller, G Giustino, T Danilov, N Kukar, N Kocovic, D Sperling, R Singh, D Benhuri, F Beerkens, A Camaj, S Lerakis, L Croft, LK Stein, ME Goldman. Using clinical and echocardiographic characteristics to characterize the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31(2): 106217
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106217
36 S Chand, S Kapoor, D Orsi, MJ Fazzari, TG Tanner, GC Umeh, M Islam, PV Dicpinigaitis. COVID-19-associated critical illness-report of the first 300 patients admitted to intensive care units at a New York City medical center. J Intensive Care Med 2020; 35(10): 963–970
https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066620946692
37 XY Ji, Y Ma, NN Shi, N Liang, RB Chen, SH Liu, S Shi, GH Wu, JK Li, H Chen, JW Wang, H Na, YC Zhou, MQ Li, YD Wang, XM Hu, YH Hu, Z Liu, HJ Xie, LS Zhang, HM Zhang, YP Wang, YY Wang. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of COVID-19 patients with stroke in China: a multicenter retrospective study. Phytomedicine 2021; 81: 153433
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153433
38 T Siepmann, A Sedghi, E Simon, S Winzer, J Barlinn, K de With, L Mirow, M Wolz, T Gruenewald, P Schroettner, S von Bonin, LP Pallesen, B Rosengarten, J Schubert, T Lohmann, J Machetanz, P Spieth, T Koch, S Bornstein, H Reichmann, V Puetz, K Barlinn. Increased risk of acute stroke among patients with severe COVID-19: a multicenter study and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28(1): 238–247
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14535
39 Y Gao, Y Chen, M Liu, M Niu, Z Song, M Yan, J Tian. Nervous system diseases are associated with the severity and mortality of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149: e66
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821000376
40 W Luo, X Liu, K Bao, C Huang. Ischemic stroke associated with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2022; 269(4): 1731–1740
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10837-7
41 G Saposnik, F Barinagarrementeria, RD Jr Brown, CD Bushnell, B Cucchiara, M Cushman, G deVeber, JM Ferro, FY; American Heart Association Stroke Council Tsai, Council on Epidemiology the. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011; 42(4): 1158–1192
https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e31820a8364
42 M Green, T Styles, T Russell, C Sada, E Jallow, J Stewart, O Lazariashvili, I Lubomirova, I Cotlarciuc, S Sharma, TS Han, P Sharma. Non-genetic and genetic risk factors for adult cerebral venous thrombosis. Thromb Res 2018; 169: 15–22
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.005
43 DS Park, CT Moon, YI Chun, YC Koh, HY Kim, HG Roh. Clinical characteristics of cerebral venous thrombosis in a single center in Korea. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2014; 56(4): 289–294
https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2014.56.4.289
44 E Cognat, I Crassard, C Denier, K Vahedi, MG Bousser. Cerebral venous thrombosis in inflammatory bowel diseases: eight cases and literature review. Int J Stroke 2011; 6(6): 487–492
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00620.x
45 JM Coutinho, JM Ferro, P Canhão, F Barinagarrementeria, C Cantú, MG Bousser, J Stam. Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in women. Stroke 2009; 40(7): 2356–2361
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.543884
46 SM Zuurbier, S Middeldorp, J Stam, JM Coutinho. Sex differences in cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic analysis of a shift over time. Int J Stroke 2016; 11(2): 164–170
https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493015620708
47 I Portier, RA Campbell, F Denorme. Mechanisms of immunothrombosis in COVID-19. Curr Opin Hematol 2021; 28(6): 445–453
https://doi.org/10.1097/MOH.0000000000000666
48 P Pellicori, G Doolub, CM Wong, KS Lee, K Mangion, M Ahmad, C Berry, I Squire, PD Lambiase, A Lyon, A McConnachie, RS Taylor, JG Cleland. COVID-19 and its cardiovascular effects: a systematic review of prevalence studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 3(3): CD013879
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013879
49 M Endres, MA Moro, CH Nolte, C Dames, MS Buckwalter, A Meisel. Immune pathways in etiology, acute phase, and chronic sequelae of ischemic stroke. Circ Res 2022; 130(8): 1167–1186
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319994
50 D Sagris, A Papanikolaou, A Kvernland, E Korompoki, JA Frontera, AB Troxel, M Gavriatopoulou, H Milionis, GYH Lip, P Michel, S Yaghi, G Ntaios. COVID-19 and ischemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28(11): 3826–3836
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15008
51 C Huang, Y Wang, X Li, L Ren, J Zhao, Y Hu, L Zhang, G Fan, J Xu, X Gu, Z Cheng, T Yu, J Xia, Y Wei, W Wu, X Xie, W Yin, H Li, M Liu, Y Xiao, H Gao, L Guo, J Xie, G Wang, R Jiang, Z Gao, Q Jin, J Wang, B Cao. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395(10223): 497–506
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
52 N Tang, H Bai, X Chen, J Gong, D Li, Z Sun. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(5): 1094–1099
https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817
53 B Hu, S Huang, L Yin. The cytokine storm and COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021; 93(1): 250–256
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26232
54 LE Bautista, LM Vera, IA Arenas, G Gamarra. Independent association between inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-α) and essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2005; 19(2): 149–154
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001785
55 N Mackman, S Antoniak, AS Wolberg, R Kasthuri, NS Key. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and other pandemic viruses. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40(9): 2033–2044
https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314514
56 M Koupenova. Potential role of platelets in COVID-19: implications for thrombosis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4(5): 737–740
https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12397
57 N Beristain-Covarrubias, M Perez-Toledo, MR Thomas, IR Henderson, SP Watson, AF Cunningham. Understanding infection-induced thrombosis: lessons learned from animal models. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 2569
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02569
58 M Bautista-Vargas, F Bonilla-Abadía, CA Cañas. Potential role for tissue factor in the pathogenesis of hypercoagulability associated with in COVID-19. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50(3): 479–483
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02172-x
59 D McGonagle, JS O’Donnell, K Sharif, P Emery, C Bridgewood. Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia. Lancet Rheumatol 2020; 2(7): e437–e445
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30121-1
60 T van der Poll, FL van de Veerdonk, BP Scicluna, MG Netea. The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17(7): 407–420
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2017.36
61 D Wang, B Hu, C Hu, F Zhu, X Liu, J Zhang, B Wang, H Xiang, Z Cheng, Y Xiong, Y Zhao, Y Li, X Wang, Z Peng. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323(11): 1061–1069
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
62 S Shahjouei, G Tsivgoulis, G Farahmand, E Koza, A Mowla, Sadr A Vafaei, A Kia, Far A Vaghefi, S Mondello, A Cernigliaro, A Ranta, M Punter, F Khodadadi, S Naderi, M Sabra, M Ramezani, Harandi A Amini, O Olulana, D Chaudhary, A Lyoubi, BCV Campbell, JF Arenillas, D Bock, J Montaner, Sheikh Neshin S Aghayari, de Sousa D Aguiar, MS Tenser, A Aires, ML Alfonso, O Alizada, E Azevedo, N Goyal, Z Babaeepour, G Banihashemi, LH Bonati, CW Cereda, JJ Chang, M Crnjakovic, Marchis GM De, Sette M Del, SA Ebrahimzadeh, M Farhoudi, I Gandoglia, B Gonçalves, CJ Griessenauer, Hanci M Murat, AH Katsanos, C Krogias, RR Leker, L Lotman, J Mai, S Male, K Malhotra, B Malojcic, T Mesquita, Ghasemi A Mir, Aref H Mohamed, Afshar Z Mohseni, J Moon, M Niemelä, Jahromi B Rezai, L Nolan, A Pandhi, JH Park, JP Marto, F Purroy, S Ranji-Burachaloo, NR Carreira, M Requena, M Rubiera, SA Sajedi, J Sargento-Freitas, VK Sharma, T Steiner, K Tempro, G Turc, Y Ahmadzadeh, M Almasi-Dooghaee, F Assarzadegan, A Babazadeh, H Baharvahdat, FB Cardoso, A Dev, M Ghorbani, A Hamidi, ZS Hasheminejad, Komachali S Hojjat-Anasri, F Khorvash, F Kobeissy, H Mirkarimi, E Mohammadi-Vosough, D Misra, AR Noorian, P Nowrouzi-Sohrabi, S Paybast, L Poorsaadat, M Roozbeh, B Sabayan, S Salehizadeh, A Saberi, M Sepehrnia, F Vahabizad, TA Yasuda, M Ghabaee, N Rahimian, MH Harirchian, A Borhani-Haghighi, MR Azarpazhooh, R Arora, S Ansari, V Avula, J Li, V Abedi, R Zand. SARS-CoV-2 and stroke characteristics: a report from the multinational COVID-19 stroke study group. Stroke 2021; 52(5): e117–e130
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032927
63 L Guo, MT Rondina. The era of thromboinflammation: platelets are dynamic sensors and effector cells during infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 2204
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02204
64 F Gaertner, S Massberg. Blood coagulation in immunothrombosis—at the frontline of intravascular immunity. Semin Immunol 2016; 28(6): 561–569
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.010
65 RC Becker. COVID-19 update: Covid-19-associated coagulopathy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50(1): 54–67
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02134-3
66 BJ Barnes, JM Adrover, A Baxter-Stoltzfus, A Borczuk, J Cools-Lartigue, JM Crawford, J Daßler-Plenker, P Guerci, C Huynh, JS Knight, M Loda, MR Looney, F McAllister, R Rayes, S Renaud, S Rousseau, S Salvatore, RE Schwartz, JD Spicer, CC Yost, A Weber, Y Zuo, M Egeblad. Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med 2020; 217(6): e20200652
https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200652
67 P Skendros, A Mitsios, A Chrysanthopoulou, DC Mastellos, S Metallidis, P Rafailidis, M Ntinopoulou, E Sertaridou, V Tsironidou, C Tsigalou, M Tektonidou, T Konstantinidis, C Papagoras, I Mitroulis, G Germanidis, JD Lambris, K Ritis. Complement and tissue factor-enriched neutrophil extracellular traps are key drivers in COVID-19 immunothrombosis. J Clin Invest 2020; 130(11): 6151–6157
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI141374
68 L Nicolai, A Leunig, S Brambs, R Kaiser, M Joppich, ML Hoffknecht, C Gold, A Engel, V Polewka, M Muenchhoff, JC Hellmuth, A Ruhle, S Ledderose, T Weinberger, H Schulz, C Scherer, M Rudelius, M Zoller, OT Keppler, B Zwißler, Bergwelt-Baildon M von, S Kääb, R Zimmer, RD Bülow, Stillfried S von, P Boor, S Massberg, K Pekayvaz, K Stark. Vascular neutrophilic inflammation and immunothrombosis distinguish severe COVID-19 from influenza pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19(2): 574–581
https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15179
69 M Hoffmann, H Kleine-Weber, S Schroeder, N Krüger, T Herrler, S Erichsen, TS Schiergens, G Herrler, NH Wu, A Nitsche, MA Müller, C Drosten, S Pöhlmann. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020; 181(2): 271–280.e8
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
70 N Labò, H Ohnuki, G Tosato. Vasculopathy and coagulopathy associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cells 2020; 9(7): 1583
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9071583
71 BM Henry, J Vikse, S Benoit, EJ Favaloro, G Lippi. Hyperinflammation and derangement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in COVID-19: a novel hypothesis for clinically suspected hypercoagulopathy and microvascular immunothrombosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507: 167–173
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.027
72 Y Liu, Y Yang, C Zhang, F Huang, F Wang, J Yuan, Z Wang, J Li, J Li, C Feng, Z Zhang, L Wang, L Peng, L Chen, Y Qin, D Zhao, S Tan, L Yin, J Xu, C Zhou, C Jiang, L Liu. Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci 2020; 63(3): 364–374
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8
73 A Genchi, A Semerano, G Schwarz, B Dell’Acqua, GS Gullotta, M Sampaolo, E Boeri, A Quattrini, F Sanvito, S Diamanti, A Bergamaschi, S Grassi, P Podini, P Panni, C Michelozzi, F Simionato, F Scomazzoni, P Remida, L Valvassori, A Falini, C Ferrarese, P Michel, G Saliou, S Hajdu, S Beretta, L Roveri, M Filippi, D Strambo, G Martino, M Bacigaluppi. Neutrophils predominate the immune signature of cerebral thrombi in COVID-19 stroke patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10(1): 14
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-022-01313-y
74 T Iba, JM Connors, JH Levy. The coagulopathy, endotheliopathy, and vasculitis of COVID-19. Inflamm Res 2020; 69(12): 1181–1189
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01401-6
75 AS Ojo, SA Balogun, AO Idowu. Acute ischemic stroke in COVID-19: putative mechanisms, clinical characteristics, and management. Neurol Res Int 2020; 2020: 7397480
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7397480
76 JT Fifi, J Mocco. COVID-19 related stroke in young individuals. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19(9): 713–715
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30272-6
77 M Benger, O Williams, J Siddiqui, L Sztriha. Intracerebral haemorrhage and COVID-19: clinical characteristics from a case series. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88: 940–944
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.005
78 Z Varga, AJ Flammer, P Steiger, M Haberecker, R Andermatt, AS Zinkernagel, MR Mehra, RA Schuepbach, F Ruschitzka, H Moch. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet 2020; 395(10234): 1417–1418
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5
79 P Song, W Li, J Xie, Y Hou, C You. Cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509: 280–287
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.017
80 TP Buzhdygan, BJ DeOre, A Baldwin-Leclair, TA Bullock, HM McGary, JA Khan, R Razmpour, JF Hale, PA Galie, R Potula, AM Andrews, SH Ramirez. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alters barrier function in 2D static and 3D microfluidic in-vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146: 105131
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105131
81 C Yang, KE Hawkins, S Doré, E Candelario-Jalil. Neuroinflammatory mechanisms of blood-brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316(2): C135–C153
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00136.2018
82 F Hernández-Fernández, Valencia H Sandoval, RA Barbella-Aponte, R Collado-Jiménez, Ó Ayo-Martín, C Barrena, JD Molina-Nuevo, J García-García, E Lozano-Setién, C Alcahut-Rodriguez, Á Martínez-Martín, A Sánchez-López, T Segura. Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: neuroimaging, histological and clinical description. Brain 2020; 143(10): 3089–3103
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa239
83 AM Franceschi, O Ahmed, L Giliberto, M Castillo. Hemorrhagic posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as a manifestation of COVID-19 infection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41(7): 1173–1176
https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6595
84 DC Hess, W Eldahshan, E Rutkowski. COVID-19-related stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11(3): 322–325
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-020-00818-9
85 EV Valderrama, K Humbert, A Lord, J Frontera, S Yaghi. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and ischemic stroke. Stroke 2020; 51(7): e124–e127
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030153
86 SA Berkman, VF Tapson. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42(2): 316–326
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1722992
87 FA Klok, MJHA Kruip, NJM van der Meer, MS Arbous, DAMPJ Gommers, KM Kant, FHJ Kaptein, J van Paassen, MAM Stals, MV Huisman, H Endeman. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020; 191: 145–147
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013
88 M Levi. COVID-19 coagulopathy vs disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood Adv 2020; 4(12): 2850
https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002197
89 I Szegedi, R Orbán-Kálmándi, L Csiba, Z Bagoly. Stroke as a potential complication of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: a narrative and systematic review of the literature. J Clin Med 2020; 9(10): 3137
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103137
90 Y Zhang, W Cao, W Jiang, M Xiao, Y Li, N Tang, Z Liu, X Yan, Y Zhao, T Li, T Zhu. Profile of natural anticoagulant, coagulant factor and anti-phospholipid antibody in critically ill COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50(3): 580–586
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02182-9
91 L Bowles, S Platton, N Yartey, M Dave, K Lee, DP Hart, V MacDonald, L Green, S Sivapalaratnam, KJ Pasi, P MacCallum. Lupus anticoagulant and abnormal coagulation tests in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(3): 288–290
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2013656
92 T Guo, Y Fan, M Chen, X Wu, L Zhang, T He, H Wang, J Wan, X Wang, Z Lu. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5(7): 811–818
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1017
93 MA Faghy, J Yates, AP Hills, S Jayasinghe, C da Luz Goulart, R Arena, D Laddu, R Gururaj, SK Veluswamy, S Dixit, REM Ashton. Cardiovascular disease prevention and management in the COVID-19 era and beyond: an international perspective. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 76: 102–111
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2023.01.004
94 S Yaghi, K Ishida, J Torres, B Mac Grory, E Raz, K Humbert, N Henninger, T Trivedi, K Lillemoe, S Alam, M Sanger, S Kim, E Scher, S Dehkharghani, M Wachs, O Tanweer, F Volpicelli, B Bosworth, A Lord, J Frontera. SARS-CoV-2 and stroke in a New York healthcare system. Stroke 2020; 51(7): 2002–2011
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030335
95 FA Klok, MJHA Kruip, NJM van der Meer, MS Arbous, D Gommers, KM Kant, FHJ Kaptein, J van Paassen, MAM Stals, MV Huisman, H Endeman. Confirmation of the high cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: an updated analysis. Thromb Res 2020; 191: 148–150
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.041
96 JD Spence, GR de Freitas, LC Pettigrew, H Ay, DS Liebeskind, CS Kase, OH Del Brutto, GJ Hankey, N Venketasubramanian. Mechanisms of stroke in COVID-19. Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 49(4): 451–458
https://doi.org/10.1159/000509581
97 Z Wu, JM McGoogan. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020; 323(13): 1239–1242
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
98 IH Solomon, E Normandin, S Bhattacharyya, SS Mukerji, K Keller, AS Ali, G Adams, JL Hornick, RF Jr Padera, P Sabeti. Neuropathological features of Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(10): 989–992
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2019373
99 COC Co, JRT Yu, LC Laxamana, DIA David-Ona. Intravenous thrombolysis for stroke in a COVID-19 positive Filipino patient, a case report. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 77: 234–236
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.006
100 J Helms, S Kremer, H Merdji, R Clere-Jehl, M Schenck, C Kummerlen, O Collange, C Boulay, S Fafi-Kremer, M Ohana, M Anheim, F Meziani. Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(23): 2268–2270
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2008597
101 OH Williams, S Mohideen, A Sen, O Martinovic, J Hart, PA Brex, LK Sztriha. Multiple internal border zone infarcts in a patient with COVID-19 and CADASIL. J Neurol Sci 2020; 416: 116980
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116980
102 S Schulman. Coronavirus disease 2019, prothrombotic factors, and venous thromboembolism. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46(7): 772–776
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710337
103 J Helms, C Tacquard, F Severac, I Leonard-Lorant, M Ohana, X Delabranche, H Merdji, R Clere-Jehl, M Schenck, Gandet F Fagot, S Fafi-Kremer, V Castelain, F Schneider, L Grunebaum, E Anglés-Cano, L Sattler, PM Mertes, F; CRICS TRIGGERSEP Group (Clinical Research in Intensive Care Meziani, Trial Group for Global Evaluation Sepsis, in Sepsis) Research. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46(6): 1089–1098
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06062-x
104 R Ghosh, D Roy, A Mandal, SK Pal, Swaika B Chandra, D Naga, A Pandit, BK Ray, J Benito-León. Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15(3): 1039–1045
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.04.026
105 M Yamakawa, T Kuno, T Mikami, H Takagi, G Gronseth. Clinical characteristics of stroke with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29(12): 105288
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105288
106 LD Lisabeth, DL Brown, R Hughes, JJ Majersik, LB Morgenstern. Acute stroke symptoms: comparing women and men. Stroke 2009; 40(6): 2031–2036
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.546812
107 S Majidi, JT Fifi, TR Ladner, J Lara-Reyna, KA Yaeger, B Yim, N Dangayach, TJ Oxley, T Shigematsu, BR Kummer, LK Stein, J Weinberger, MG Fara, R De Leacy, MS Dhamoon, S Tuhrim, J Mocco. Emergent large vessel occlusion stroke during New York City’s COVID-19 outbreak: clinical characteristics and paraclinical findings. Stroke 2020; 51(9): 2656–2663
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030397
108 A Wang, GK Mandigo, PD Yim, PM Meyers, SD Lavine. Stroke and mechanical thrombectomy in patients with COVID-19: technical observations and patient characteristics. J Neurointerv Surg 2020; 12(7): 648–653
https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016220
109 RJ Perry, CJ Smith, C Roffe, R Simister, S Narayanamoorthi, R Marigold, M Willmot, A Dixit, A Hassan, TJ Quinn, S Ankolekar, L Zhang, S Banerjee, U Ahmed, N Padmanabhan, P Ferdinand, F McGrane, A Banaras, IH Marks, DJ; SETICOS collaborators Werring. Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 associated stroke: a UK multicentre case-control study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92(3): 242–248
https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-324927
110 AN Simpkins, A Lekoubou. Risk of acute ischemic stroke in patients 65 and older is early after COVID-19 diagnosis. Neurology. 2022; 98(8): 301–302
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000013182
111 Y Li, M Li, M Wang, Y Zhou, J Chang, Y Xian, D Wang, L Mao, H Jin, B Hu. Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5(3): 279–284
https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000431
112 S Fridman, M Bres Bullrich, A Jimenez-Ruiz, P Costantini, P Shah, C Just, D Vela-Duarte, I Linfante, A Sharifi-Razavi, N Karimi, R Bagur, DB Debicki, TE Gofton, DA Steven, LA Sposato. Stroke risk, phenotypes, and death in COVID-19: systematic review and newly reported cases. Neurology 2020; 95(24): e3373–e3385
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010851
113 S Escalard, V Chalumeau, C Escalard, H Redjem, F Delvoye, S Hébert, S Smajda, G Ciccio, JP Desilles, M Mazighi, R Blanc, B Maïer, M Piotin. Early brain imaging shows increased severity of acute ischemic strokes with large vessel occlusion in COVID-19 patients. Stroke 2020; 51(11): 3366–3370
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031011
114 S John, SI Hussain, B Piechowski-Jozwiak, J Dibu, P Kesav, A Bayrlee, H Elkambergy, TLS John, F Roser, VA Mifsud. Clinical characteristics and admission patterns of stroke patients during the COVID 19 pandemic: a single center retrospective, observational study from the Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 199: 106227
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106227
115 TJ Oxley, J Mocco, S Majidi, CP Kellner, H Shoirah, IP Singh, RA De Leacy, T Shigematsu, TR Ladner, KA Yaeger, M Skliut, J Weinberger, NS Dangayach, JB Bederson, S Tuhrim, JT Fifi. Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(20): e60
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009787
116 YK Tan, C Goh, AST Leow, PA Tambyah, A Ang, ES Yap, TM Tu, VK Sharma, LLL Yeo, BPL Chan, BYQ Tan. COVID-19 and ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-summary of the literature. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50(3): 587–595
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02228-y
117 JE Siegler, ME Heslin, L Thau, A Smith, TG Jovin. Falling stroke rates during COVID-19 pandemic at a comprehensive stroke center. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29(8): 104953
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104953
118 R Jain. Evolving neuroimaging findings during COVID-19. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41(8): 1355–1356
https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6658
119 A Sweid, B Hammoud, S Ramesh, D Wong, TD Alexander, JH Weinberg, M Deprince, J Dougherty, DJ Maamari, S Tjoumakaris, H Zarzour, MR Gooch, N Herial, V Romo, DM Hasan, RH Rosenwasser, P Jabbour. Acute ischaemic stroke interventions: large vessel occlusion and beyond. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5(1): 80–85
https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2019-000262
120 K Malhotra, J Gornbein, JL Saver. Ischemic strokes due to large-vessel occlusions contribute disproportionately to stroke-related dependence and death: a review. Front Neurol 2017; 8: 651
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00651
121 R Ornello, D Degan, C Tiseo, C Di Carmine, L Perciballi, F Pistoia, A Carolei, S Sacco. Distribution and temporal trends from 1993 to 2015 of ischemic stroke subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2018; 49(4): 814–819
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.020031
122 E Lin, JE Lantos, SB Strauss, CD Phillips, TR Jr Campion, BB Navi, NS Parikh, AE Merkler, S Mir, C Zhang, H Kamel, M Cusick, P Goyal, A Gupta. Brain imaging of patients with COVID-19: findings at an academic institution during the height of the outbreak in New York City. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41(11): 2001–2008
https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6793
123 G Tsivgoulis, AH Katsanos, R Ornello, S Sacco. Ischemic stroke epidemiology during the COVID-19 pandemic: navigating uncharted waters with changing tides. Stroke 2020; 51(7): 1924–1926
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.030791
124 G Trifan, FD Goldenberg, FZ Caprio, J Biller, M Schneck, A Khaja, T Terna, J Brorson, C Lazaridis, Z Bulwa, R Alvarado Dyer, FG Saleh Velez, S Prabhakaran, EM Liotta, A Batra, NJ Reish, S Ruland, M Teitcher, W Taylor, P De la Pena, JJ Conners, PK Grewal, P Pinna, RM Dafer, ND Osteraas, I DaSilva, JP Hall, S John, N Shafi, K Miller, B Moustafa, A Vargas, PB Gorelick, FD Testai. Characteristics of a diverse cohort of stroke patients with SARS-CoV-2 and outcome by sex. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29(11): 105314
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105314
125 ME Ramos-Araque, JE Siegler, M Ribo, M Requena, C López, Lera M de, JF Arenillas, IH Pérez, B Gómez-Vicente, B Talavera, PC Portela, AN Guillen, X Urra, L Llull, A Renú, TN Nguyen, D Jillella, F Nahab, R Nogueira, D Haussen, R Then, JM Thon, LR Esparragoza, M Hernández-Pérez, A Bustamante, OY Mansour, M Megahed, T Hassan, DS Liebeskind, A Hassan, S Bushnaq, M Osman, AR; SVIN Multinational Registry Vazquez, Force Task. Stroke etiologies in patients with COVID-19: the SVIN COVID-19 multinational registry. BMC Neurol 2021; 21(1): 43
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02075-1
126 JL Saver. Cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med 2016; 375(11): e26
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1609156
127 A Arboix, L Blanco-Rojas, JL Martí-Vilalta. Advancements in understanding the mechanisms of symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke: translation of knowledge to prevention strategies. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14(3): 261–276
https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2014.884926
128 A Arboix, L Blanco-Rojas, JL Martí-Vilalta. Advancements in understanding the mechanisms of symptomatic lacunar ischemic stroke: translation of knowledge to prevention strategies. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14(3): 261–276
https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2014.884926
129 S Dogra, R Jain, M Cao, S Bilaloglu, D Zagzag, S Hochman, A Lewis, K Melmed, K Hochman, L Horwitz, S Galetta, J Berger. Hemorrhagic stroke and anticoagulation in COVID-19. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29(8): 104984
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104984
130 Y Chen, F Xia, Y Li, H Li, L Ma, X Hu, C You. Changes in characteristics, treatment and outcome in patients with hemorrhagic stroke during COVID-19. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30(3): 105536
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105536
131 G Parra-Romero, JL Navarro-Olvera, JQ Beltrán-Mendoza, JL Ruiz-Sandoval, A Mar-Álvarez, G Aguado-Carrillo, N Teyes-Calva, J Rodríguez-Morales, AA Martínez-Luna, AF Hernández-Valencia, JD Carrillo-Ruiz. Primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in COVID-19 patients: differences among presentation patterns—a systematic review. Cir Cir 2022; 90(6): 734–741
https://doi.org/10.24875/CIRU.21000813
132 P Pinna, P Grewal, JP Hall, T Tavarez, RM Dafer, R Garg, ND Osteraas, DR Pellack, A Asthana, K Fegan, V Patel, JJ Conners, S John, ID Silva. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: experiences from a tertiary care center at the frontline. J Neurol Sci 2020; 415: 116969
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969
133 A Kvernland, A Kumar, S Yaghi, E Raz, J Frontera, A Lewis, B Czeisler, DE Kahn, T Zhou, K Ishida, J Torres, HA Riina, M Shapiro, E Nossek, PK Nelson, O Tanweer, D Gordon, R Jain, S Dehkharghani, N Henninger, A de Havenon, BM Grory, A Lord, K Melmed. Anticoagulation use and hemorrhagic stroke in SARS-CoV-2 patients treated at a New York healthcare system. Neurocrit Care 2021; 34(3): 748–759
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-020-01077-0
134 HN Gunes, BG Cokal, SK Guler, TK Yoldas, UY Malkan, CS Demircan, MI Yon, Z Yoldas, G Gunes, IC Haznedaroglu. Clinical associations, biological risk factors and outcomes of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Int Med Res 2016; 44(6): 1454–1461
https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060516664807
135 JM Coutinho, SM Zuurbier, M Aramideh, J Stam. The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis: a cross-sectional study. Stroke 2012; 43(12): 3375–3377
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.671453
136 VR Ostovan, R Foroughi, M Rostami, M Almasi-Dooghaee, M Esmaili, AA Bidaki, Z Behzadi, F Farzadfard, H Marbooti, A Rahimi-Jaberi, M Poursadeghfard, N Fadakar, M Bayat, M Owjfard, MS Salehi, SS Zafarmand, F Mardi, A Safari, S Shahjouei, A Mowla, MR Azarpazhooh, R Zand, E Hooshmandi, A Borhani-Haghighi. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with COVID-19: a case series and literature review. J Neurol 2021; 268(10): 3549–3560
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10450-8
137 MG Bousser, JM Ferro. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6(2): 162–170
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70029-7
138 A Benussi, A Pilotto, E Premi, I Libri, M Giunta, C Agosti, A Alberici, E Baldelli, M Benini, S Bonacina, L Brambilla, S Caratozzolo, M Cortinovis, A Costa, S Cotti Piccinelli, E Cottini, V Cristillo, I Delrio, M Filosto, M Gamba, S Gazzina, N Gilberti, S Gipponi, A Imarisio, P Invernizzi, U Leggio, M Leonardi, P Liberini, M Locatelli, S Masciocchi, L Poli, R Rao, B Risi, L Rozzini, A Scalvini, F Schiano di Cola, R Spezi, V Vergani, I Volonghi, N Zoppi, B Borroni, M Magoni, A Pezzini, A Padovani. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of inpatients with neurologic disease and COVID-19 in Brescia, Lombardy, Italy. Neurology 2020; 95(7): e910–e920
https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000009848
139 R Beyrouti, ME Adams, L Benjamin, H Cohen, SF Farmer, YY Goh, F Humphries, HR Jäger, NA Losseff, RJ Perry, S Shah, RJ Simister, D Turner, A Chandratheva, DJ Werring. Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91(8): 889–891
https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323586
140 JM Barrios-López, I Rego-García, Martínez C Muñoz, JC Romero-Fábrega, Rodríguez M Rivero, Giménez JA Ruiz, F Escamilla-Sevilla, A Mínguez-Castellanos, Pérez MD Fernández. Ischaemic stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a causal or incidental association?. Neurología (Engl Ed) 2020; 35(5): 295–302
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.05.008
141 JM Katz, RB Libman, JJ Wang, CG Filippi, P Sanelli, A Zlochower, M Gribko, SV Pacia, RI Kuzniecky, S Najjar, S Azhar. COVID-19 severity and stroke: correlation of imaging and laboratory markers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021; 42(2): 257–261
https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6920
142 IJ Koralnik, KL Tyler. COVID-19: a global threat to the nervous system. Ann Neurol 2020; 88(1): 1–11
https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25807
143 ST Reddy, T Garg, C Shah, FA Nascimento, R Imran, P Kan, R Bowry, N Gonzales, A Barreto, A Kumar, J Volpi, V Misra, D Chiu, R Gadhia, SI Savitz. Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: a review of the literature and case series. Case Rep Neurol 2020; 12(2): 199–209
https://doi.org/10.1159/000508958
144 MG Fara, LK Stein, M Skliut, S Morgello, JT Fifi, MS Dhamoon. Macrothrombosis and stroke in patients with mild Covid-19 infection. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18(8): 2031–2033
https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14938
145 M Morassi, D Bagatto, M Cobelli, S D’Agostini, GL Gigli, C Bnà, A Vogrig. Stroke in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series. J Neurol 2020; 267(8): 2185–2192
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09885-2
146 NA Gupta, C Lien, M Iv. Critical illness-associated cerebral microbleeds in severe COVID-19 infection. Clin Imaging 2020; 68: 239–241
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.08.029
147 L Dixon, C McNamara, P Gaur, D Mallon, C Coughlan, F Tona, W Jan, M Wilson, B Jones. Cerebral microhaemorrhage in COVID-19: a critical illness related phenomenon?. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5(4): 315–322
https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000652
148 F Mazzacane, A Zito, S Magno, A Persico, V Mazzoleni, C Asteggiano, E Rognone, A Pichiecchio, A Padovani, A Cavallini, A Morotti. Vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging in COVID-19-associated cryptogenic ischemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29(2): 615–619
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.15128
149 JM Ferro, P Canhão, J Stam, MG Bousser, F; ISCVT Investigators Barinagarrementeria. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke 2004; 35(3): 664–670
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000117571.76197.26
150 S John, P Kesav, VA Mifsud, B Piechowski-Jozwiak, J Dibu, A Bayrlee, H Elkambergy, F Roser, MS Elhammady, K Zahra, SI Hussain. Characteristics of large-vessel occlusion associated with COVID-19 and ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41(12): 2263–2268
https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6799
151 A Scutelnic, K Krzywicka, J Mbroh, de Munckhof A van, Kammen MS van, Sousa DA de, E Lindgren, K Jood, A Günther, S Hiltunen, J Putaala, A Tiede, F Maier, R Kern, T Bartsch, K Althaus, A Ciccone, M Wiedmann, M Skjelland, A Medina, E Cuadrado-Godia, T Cox, A Aujayeb, N Raposo, K Garambois, JF Payen, F Vuillier, G Franchineau, S Timsit, D Bougon, MC Dubois, A Tawa, C Tracol, Maistre E De, F Bonneville, C Vayne, A Mengel, D Michalski, J Pelz, M Wittstock, F Bode, J Zimmermann, J Schouten, A Buture, S Murphy, V Palma, A Negro, A Gutschalk, S Nagel, S Schoenenberger, G Frisullo, C Zanferrari, F Grillo, F Giammello, MM Martin, A Cervera, J Burrow, CG Esperon, BLA Chew, TJ Kleinig, C Soriano, DS Zimatore, M Petruzzellis, A Elkady, MS Miranda, J Fernandes, ÅH Vogel, E Johansson, AP Philip, SB Coutts, S Bal, B Buck, C Legault, D Blacquiere, HD Katzberg, TS Field, V Dizonno, T Gattringer, C Jacobi, A Devroye, R Lemmens, ES Kristoffersen, Poggio MB di, M Ghiasian, T Karapanayiotides, S Chatterton, M Wronski, K Ng, R Kahnis, T Geeraerts, P Reiner, C Cordonnier, S Middeldorp, M Levi, Gorp ECM van, de Beek D van, J Brodard, Hovinga JA Kremer, MJHA Kruip, T Tatlisumak, JM Ferro, JM Coutinho, M Arnold, S Poli, MR Heldner. Management of cerebral venous thrombosis due to adenoviral COVID-19 vaccination. Ann Neurol 2022; 92(4): 562–573
https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26431
152 G de Simone, S Stranges, I Gentile. Incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis and COVID-19 vaccination: possible causal effect or just chance?. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2021; 7(4): e77–e78
https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab036
153 M Elfil, M Aladawi, D Balian, I Fahad, DJ Zhou, B Villafuerte-Trisolini, TS Diesing. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and literature review. Oxf Med Case Rep 2023; 2023(1): omac154
https://doi.org/10.1093/omcr/omac154
154 NH Schultz, AVL Søraas, IH Sørvoll, ÇA Akkök, A Vetlesen, JS Bhamra, MT Ahlen, PA Holme, AH Aamodt, K Skagen, TH Skattør, M Skjelland, MK Wiedmann. Vaccine associated benign headache and cutaneous hemorrhage after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: a cohort study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32(1): 106860
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106860
155 M Kakovan, S Ghorbani Shirkouhi, M Zarei, S Andalib. Stroke associated with COVID-19 vaccines. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31(6): 106440
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106440
156 L Ferraù, M Cotroneo, C Dell'Aera, F Giammello, F Grillo, T Brizzi, A Pitrone, SL Vinci, RF Musolino, Spina P La. Carotid free-floating thrombus during COVID-19 vaccine era: causality or not?. Neurol Sci 2022; 43(11): 6179–6183
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-022-06307-1
157 J Sadoff, K Davis, M Douoguih. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination—response from the manufacturer. N Engl J Med 2021; 384(20): 1965–1966
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2106075
158 KL Muir, A Kallam, SA Koepsell, K Gundabolu. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384(20): 1964–1965
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2105869
159 M Scully, D Singh, R Lown, A Poles, T Solomon, M Levi, D Goldblatt, P Kotoucek, W Thomas, W Lester. Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384(23): 2202–2211
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105385
160 E Kowarz, L Krutzke, M Külp, P Streb, P Larghero, J Reis, S Bracharz, T Engler, S Kochanek, R Marschalek. Vaccine-induced COVID-19 mimicry syndrome. eLife 2022; 11: e74974
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.74974
161 WP Chen, MH Chen, ST Shang, YH Kao, KA Wu, WF Chiang, JS Chan, HY Shyu, PJ Hsiao. Investigation of neurological complications after COVID-19 vaccination: report of the clinical scenarios and review of the literature. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11(2): 425
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020425
162 TM Tu, SJ Yi, JS Koh, SE Saffari, RHM Hoe, GJ Chen, HJ Chiew, CH Tham, CYH Seet, MH Yong, KP Yong, AC Hui, BE Fan, BY Tan, AML Quek, RCS Seet, LLL Yeo, K Tan, UN Thirugnanam. Incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection vs mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Singapore. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5(3): e222940
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.2940
163 AY Kim, W Woo, DK Yon, SW Lee, JW Yang, JH Kim, S Park, A Koyanagi, MS Kim, S Lee, JI Shin, L Smith. Thrombosis patterns and clinical outcome of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119: 130–139
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.034
164 P Hovi, AA Palmu, TA Nieminen, M Artama, J Jokinen, E Ruokokoski, R Lassila, H Nohynek, T Kilpi. Incidence of sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia—a nation-wide register study. PLoS One 2023; 18(2): e0282226
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282226
165 RJ Perry, A Tamborska, B Singh, B Craven, R Marigold, P Arthur-Farraj, JM Yeo, L Zhang, G Hassan-Smith, M Jones, C Hutchcroft, E Hobson, D Warcel, D White, P Ferdinand, A Webb, T Solomon, M Scully, DJ Werring, C; CVT After Immunisation Against COVID-19 (CAIAC) collaborators Roffe. Cerebral venous thrombosis after vaccination against COVID-19 in the UK: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet 2021; 398(10306): 1147–1156
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01608-1
166 M Wittstock, U Walter, E Volmer, A Storch, MA Weber, A Großmann. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccination: review of the neurological-neuroradiological procedure. Neuroradiology 2022; 64(5): 865–874
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-022-02914-z
167 N Kadam, KV Ramavathu, N Kamath, KK Min. Imaging findings in a patient with suspected vaccine induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. BJR Case Rep 2022; 8(1): 20210138
https://doi.org/10.1259/bjrcr.20210138
168 A Tiede, UJ Sachs, A Czwalinna, S Werwitzke, R Bikker, JK Krauss, F Donnerstag, K Weißenborn, G Höglinger, B Maasoumy, H Wedemeyer, A Ganser. Prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination. Blood 2021; 138(4): 350–353
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021011958
169 EJ Favaloro. Laboratory testing for suspected COVID-19 vaccine-induced (immune) thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43(4): 559–570
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.13629
170 TM Tu, C Goh, YK Tan, AS Leow, YZ Pang, J Chien, H Shafi, BP Chan, A Hui, J Koh, BY Tan, NT Umapathi, LL Yeo. Cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 infection: a case series and systematic review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29(12): 105379
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105379
171 I Cheruiyot, P Sehmi, B Ominde, P Bundi, M Mislani, B Ngure, B Olabu, JA Ogeng'o. Intracranial hemorrhage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Neurol Sci 2021; 42(1): 25–33
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04870-z
172 JM Katz, RB Libman, JJ Wang, P Sanelli, CG Filippi, M Gribko, SV Pacia, RI Kuzniecky, S Najjar, S Azhar. Cerebrovascular complications of COVID-19. Stroke 2020; 51(9): e227–e231
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031265
173 D Baud, X Qi, K Nielsen-Saines, D Musso, L Pomar, G Favre. Real estimates of mortality following COVID-19 infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20(7): 773
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30195-X
174 MG Bousser, JM Ferro. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6(2): 162–170
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70029-7
175 M Cappellari, A Zini, D Sangalli, A Cavallini, M Reggiani, FN Sepe, N Rifino, G Giussani, D Guidetti, M Zedde, S Marcheselli, M Longoni, S Beretta, V Sidoti, DM Papurello, A Giossi, P Nencini, M Plocco, M Balestrino, E Rota, D Toni. Thrombolysis and bridging therapy in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and Covid-19. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27(12): 2641–2645
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14511
176 MG Lazzaroni, S Piantoni, S Masneri, E Garrafa, G Martini, A Tincani, L Andreoli, F Franceschini. Coagulation dysfunction in COVID-19: the interplay between inflammation, viral infection and the coagulation system. Blood Rev 2021; 46: 100745
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2020.100745
177 S Vidale. Risk factors, and clinical and etiological characteristics of ischemic strokes in COVID-19-infected patients: a systematic review of literature. Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 50(4): 371–374
https://doi.org/10.1159/000514267
178 J Zhao, A Rudd, R Liu. Challenges and potential solutions of stroke care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Stroke 2020; 51(5): 1356–1357
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.029701
179 Q Hu, Y Hu, Y Gu, X Song, Y Shen, H Lu, L Zhang, P Liu, G Wang, C Guo, K Fang, Q Wang. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute stroke care: an analysis of the 24-month data from a comprehensive stroke center in Shanghai, China. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29(7): 1898–1906
https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.14148
180 NLA Nawabi, AH Duey, JL Kilgallon, C Jessurun, J Doucette, RA Mekary, MA Aziz-Sultan. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on stroke response times: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2022; 14(7): 642–649
https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-018230
181 PR Paliwal, BYQ Tan, AST Leow, S Sibi, DWP Chor, AXY Chin, YW Yau, GB Cross, LYH Wong, MLJ Chia, Z Quak, CYK Chua, DKK Tang, ET Zune, J Hung, Y Goh, M Jing, A Gopinathan, C Yang, A Ahmad, DXL Khoo, CM Lee, RCS Seet, VK Sharma, HL Teoh, LLL Yeo, BPL Chan. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hyperacute stroke treatment: experience from a comprehensive stroke centre in Singapore. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50(3): 596–603
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02225-1
182 M Saban, A Reznik, T Shachar, R Wilf-Miron, R Sivan-Hoffmann. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on ED referrals and care for stroke patients: a four-year comparative study. J Crit Care 2021; 62: 230–234
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.12.011
183 A Gabet, C Grave, P Tuppin, E Chatignoux, Y Béjot, V Olié. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and a national lockdown on hospitalizations for stroke and related 30-day mortality in France: a nationwide observational study. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28(10): 3279–3288
https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14831
184 WJ Tu, Y Xu, H Chen, J Li, J Du. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on hospitalizations for cerebrovascular disease and related in-hospital mortality in China: a nationwide observational study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 104: 104832
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104832
185 AP Kansagra, MS Goyal, S Hamilton, GW Albers. Collateral effect of Covid-19 on stroke evaluation in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(4): 400–401
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2014816
186 S Gu, Z Dai, H Shen, Y Bai, X Zhang, X Liu, G Xu. Delayed stroke treatment during COVID-19 pandemic in China. Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 50(6): 715–721
https://doi.org/10.1159/000517075
187 X Xu, Y Xiao, J Li, L Chen, G Lin, L Dong, Y Lin, L Zhan, J He, X Luan. Decrease in intravenous thrombolysis and poor short-term functional prognosis for acute ischemic stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurol 2022; 269(2): 597–602
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10740-1
188 X Wang, M Ouyang, C Carcel, C Chen, L Sun, J Yang, Y Zhang, G Chen, S You, Y Cao, L Ma, X Hu, Y Sui, C Anderson, L Song, Y Wang, D Wang. Impact of COVID-2019 on stroke services in China: survey from the Chinese Stroke Association. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 5(4): 323–330
https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2020-000514
189 Expert Committee of Stroke Prevention Commission, Project of National Health Treatment. Expert consensus on green channel management of stroke in novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Capital Med Univ (Shou Du Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao) 2020; 41(2): 293–297
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2020.02.026
190 Expert Committee of Stroke Prevention Commission, Project of National Health Treatment. Expert consensus on green channel management of stroke in novel coronavirus pneumonia (2022 edition). Chin J Cerebrovasc Dis (Zhongguo Nao Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi) 2022; 19(11): 797–801
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-5921.2022.11.013
191 AZ Sharrief, AK Guzik, E Jones, M Okpala, MF Love, TIJ Ranasinghe, C Bushnell. Telehealth trials to address health equity in stroke survivors. Stroke 2023; 54(2): 396–406
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.039566
192 N Chen, X Wu, M Zhou, R Yang, D Chen, M Liao, Y Deng, Z Hong, D Zhou, L He. Telestroke for the treatment of ischemic stroke in Western China during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicenter observational study. Front Neurol 2022; 12: 822342
https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.822342
193 X Pan, S Ma, X Sui, L Xie, F Li, Z Cheng, L Cui, H Zhao. The effects of the coronavirus disease pandemic on intravenous thrombolytic therapy among patients with acute ischemic stroke in Dalian, China. BMC Neurol 2023; 23(1): 10
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-023-03053-5
194 J Jurkevičienė, M Vaišvilas, R Masiliūnas, V Matijošaitis, A Vaitkus, D Geštautaitė, S Taroza, P Puzinas, E Galvanauskaitė, D Jatužis, A Vilionskis. Reperfusion therapies for acute ischemic stroke in COVID-19 patients: a nationwide multi-center study. J Clin Med 2022; 11(11): 3004
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113004
195 A de Havenon, S Yaghi, EA Mistry, A Delic, S Hohmann, E Shippey, E Stulberg, D Tirschwell, JA Frontera, NH Petersen, M Anadani. Endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients with COVID-19: prevalence, demographics, and outcomes. J Neurointerv Surg 2020; 12(11): 1045–1048
https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016777
196 AE El-Qushayri, A Reda, A Dahy, AY Azzam, S Ghozy. The impact of COVID 19 on the outcomes of thrombectomy in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33(1): e2379
https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2379
197 F Dietrich, AA Polymeris, M Verbeek, ST Engelter, KE Hersberger, S Schaedelin, I Arnet, PA Lyrer. Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the adherence of stroke patients to direct oral anticoagulants: a secondary analysis from the MAAESTRO study. J Neurol 2022; 269(1): 19–25
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10631-5
198 A Kollias, KG Kyriakoulis, NK Syrigos, GS Stergiou. Anticoagulation therapy in COVID-19: is there a dose-dependent benefit?. Thromb Res 2021; 199: 19–20
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.12.013
199 AI Qureshi, F Abd-Allah, F Al-Senani, E Aytac, A Borhani-Haghighi, A Ciccone, CR Gomez, E Gurkas, CY Hsu, V Jani, L Jiao, A Kobayashi, J Lee, J Liaqat, M Mazighi, R Parthasarathy, T Steiner, MFK Suri, K Toyoda, M Ribo, F Gongora-Rivera, J Oliveira-Filho, G Uzun, Y Wang. Management of acute ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection: report of an international panel. Int J Stroke 2020; 15(5): 540–554
https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020923234
200 JM Ospel, M Goyal. Endovascular stroke treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16(7): 351–352
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-0371-1
201 Y Xu, Y Chen, X Tang. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. Glob Health Med 2020; 2(2): 66–72
https://doi.org/10.35772/ghm.2020.01015
202 COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), 2021 Apr 21–2023 Nov 2
pmid: 34003615
203 A Greinacher, T Thiele, TE Warkentin, K Weisser, PA Kyrle, S Eichinger. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021; 384(22): 2092–2101
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2104840
204 L Norouzi-Barough, A Asgari Khosroshahi, A Gorji, F Zafari, M Shahverdi Shahraki, S Shirian. COVID-19-induced stroke and the potential of using mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43(1): 37–46
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01169-1
205 LS McAlpine, AS Zubair, I Maran, P Chojecka, P Lleva, AS Jasne, D Navaratnam, C Matouk, J Schindler, KN Sheth, H Chun, AI Lee, S Spudich, R Sharma, LH Sansing. Ischemic stroke, inflammation, and endotheliopathy in COVID-19 patients. Stroke 2021; 52(6): e233–e238
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031971
206 PM Moriarty, LK Gorby, ES Stroes, JP Kastelein, M Davidson, S Tsimikas. Lipoprotein(a) and its potential association with thrombosis and inflammation in COVID-19: a testable hypothesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22(9): 48
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-020-00867-3
207 MH Lee, DP Perl, J Steiner, N Pasternack, W Li, D Maric, F Safavi, I Horkayne-Szakaly, R Jones, MN Stram, JT Moncur, M Hefti, RD Folkerth, A Nath. Neurovascular injury with complement activation and inflammation in COVID-19. Brain 2022; 145(7): 2555–2568
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac151
208 K Chatterjee, A Buchanan, K Cottrell, S Hughes, TW Day, NW John. Immersive virtual reality for the cognitive rehabilitation of stroke survivors. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30: 719–728
https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2022.3158731
209 N Akhtar, F Abid, R Singh, S Kamran, Y Imam, S Al Jerdi, S Salameh, R Al Attar, M Yasir, H Shabir, D Morgan, S Joseph, M AlMaslamani, A Shuaib. Characteristics and comparisons of acute stroke in “recovered” to “active COVID-19” and “pre-pandemic” in Qatar database. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022; 53(4): 824–828
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-021-02581-6
210 BCV Campbell, DA De Silva, MR Macleod, SB Coutts, LH Schwamm, SM Davis, GA Donnan. Ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5(1): 70
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0118-8
211 BH Bendixen, J Posner, R Lango. Stroke in young adults and children. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2001; 1(1): 54–66
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-001-0077-8
212 SM Cho, N White, L Premraj, D Battaglini, J Fanning, J Suen, GL Bassi, J Fraser, C Robba, M Griffee, B Singh, BW Citarella, L Merson, T Solomon, D; ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Group Thomson. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in adults and children. Brain 2023; 146(4): 1648–1661
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac332
213 M Mastrangelo, L Giordo, G Ricciardi, M De Michele, D Toni, V Leuzzi. Acute ischemic stroke in childhood: a comprehensive review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181(1): 45–58
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-04212-x
214 A Gabet, C Grave, E Chatignoux, P Tuppin, Y Béjot, V Olié. Characteristics, management, and case-fatality of patients hospitalized for stroke with a diagnosis of COVID-19 in France. Neuroepidemiology 2021; 55(4): 323–330
https://doi.org/10.1159/000516670
[1] FMD-23060-OF-JXM_suppl_1 Download
[1] Xiaoming Yang. Passive antibody therapy in emerging infectious diseases[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(6): 1117-1134.
[2] Yuntao Zhang, Yuxiu Zhao, Hongyang Liang, Ying Xu, Chuge Zhou, Yuzhu Yao, Hui Wang, Xiaoming Yang. Innovation-driven trend shaping COVID-19 vaccine development in China[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(6): 1096-1116.
[3] Tiantian Li, Dongsheng Wang, Haiming Wei, Xiaoling Xu. Cytokine storm and translating IL-6 biology into effective treatments for COVID-19[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(6): 1080-1095.
[4] Dong Wei, Yusang Xie, Xuefei Liu, Rong Chen, Min Zhou, Xinxin Zhang, Jieming Qu. Pathogen evolution, prevention/control strategy and clinical features of COVID-19: experiences from China[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(6): 1030-1046.
[5] Linhua Zhao, Chuanxi Tian, Yingying Yang, Huifang Guan, Yu Wei, Yuxin Zhang, Xiaomin Kang, Ling Zhou, Qingwei Li, Jing Ma, Li Wan, Yujiao Zheng, Xiaolin Tong. Practice and principle of traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(6): 1014-1029.
[6] Gang Lu, Yun Ling, Minghao Jiang, Yun Tan, Dong Wei, Lu Jiang, Shuting Yu, Fangying Jiang, Shuai Wang, Yao Dai, Jinzeng Wang, Geng Wu, Xinxin Zhang, Guoyu Meng, Shengyue Wang, Feng Liu, Xiaohong Fan, Saijuan Chen. Primary assessment of the diversity of Omicron sublineages and the epidemiologic features of autumn/winter 2022 COVID-19 wave in Chinese mainland[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(4): 758-767.
[7] Hao Wang, Yu Yuan, Bihao Wu, Mingzhong Xiao, Zhen Wang, Tingyue Diao, Rui Zeng, Li Chen, Yanshou Lei, Pinpin Long, Yi Guo, Xuefeng Lai, Yuying Wen, Wenhui Li, Hao Cai, Lulu Song, Wei Ni, Youyun Zhao, Kani Ouyang, Jingzhi Wang, Qi Wang, Li Liu, Chaolong Wang, An Pan, Xiaodong Li, Rui Gong, Tangchun Wu. Neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 Delta/Omicron variants and B cell response after inactivated vaccination among COVID-19 convalescents[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(4): 747-757.
[8] Ziyu Fu, Dongguo Liang, Wei Zhang, Dongling Shi, Yuhua Ma, Dong Wei, Junxiang Xi, Sizhe Yang, Xiaoguang Xu, Di Tian, Zhaoqing Zhu, Mingquan Guo, Lu Jiang, Shuting Yu, Shuai Wang, Fangyin Jiang, Yun Ling, Shengyue Wang, Saijuan Chen, Feng Liu, Yun Tan, Xiaohong Fan. Host protection against Omicron BA.2.2 sublineages by prior vaccination in spring 2022 COVID-19 outbreak in Shanghai[J]. Front. Med., 2023, 17(3): 562-575.
[9] Yao Chen, Fahuan Song, Mengjiao Tu, Shuang Wu, Xiao He, Hao Liu, Caiyun Xu, Kai Zhang, Yuankai Zhu, Rui Zhou, Chentao Jin, Ping Wang, Hong Zhang, Mei Tian. Quantitative proteomics revealed extensive microenvironmental changes after stem cell transplantation in ischemic stroke[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(3): 429-441.
[10] Xiaoguang Xu, Wei Zhang, Mingquan Guo, Chenlu Xiao, Ziyu Fu, Shuting Yu, Lu Jiang, Shengyue Wang, Yun Ling, Feng Liu, Yun Tan, Saijuan Chen. Integrated analysis of gut microbiome and host immune responses in COVID-19[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(2): 263-275.
[11] Yi Zhang, Haocheng Zhang, Wenhong Zhang. SARS-CoV-2 variants, immune escape, and countermeasures[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(2): 196-207.
[12] Yiming Shao, Yingqi Wu, Yi Feng, Wenxin Xu, Feng Xiong, Xinxin Zhang. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and immunization strategies for improved control of the COVID-19 pandemic[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(2): 185-195.
[13] Wei Zhang, Xiaoguang Xu, Ziyu Fu, Jian Chen, Saijuan Chen, Yun Tan. PathogenTrack and Yeskit: tools for identifying intracellular pathogens from single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets as illustrated by application to COVID-19[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(2): 251-262.
[14] Zehong Huang, Yingying Su, Tianying Zhang, Ningshao Xia. A review of the safety and efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(1): 39-55.
[15] Yuntao Zhang, Yunkai Yang, Niu Qiao, Xuewei Wang, Ling Ding, Xiujuan Zhu, Yu Liang, Zibo Han, Feng Liu, Xinxin Zhang, Xiaoming Yang. Early assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose (booster) of COVID-19 immunization in Chinese adults[J]. Front. Med., 2022, 16(1): 93-101.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed