Recent advances in solar cells and photo-electrochemical water splitting by scanning electrochemical microscopy

doi:10.1007/s12200-018-0852-7

Front. Optoelectron.

2018, Vol. 11

Issue (4) : 333-347 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-018-0852-7

REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent advances in solar cells and photo-electrochemical water splitting by scanning electrochemical microscopy

Xiaofan ZHANG^1,²(

), Man LIU¹, Weiqian KONG¹, Hongbo FAN²

¹. Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanocomposite and Applications, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450006, China
². School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China

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Abstract

Investigation on the mechanism and kinetics of charge transfer at semiconductor/electrolyte interface is significant for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and developing novel and high-efficiency photovoltaic devices. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), as a powerful analytical technique, has a potential advantage of high spatial and temporal resolution. It has been expanded into a broad range of research fields since the first inception of SECM in 1989 by Bard groups, which includes biological, enzymes, corrosion, energy conversion and storage (such as solar cells, hydrogen and battery). Herein, we review the basic principles and the development of SECM, and chiefly introduce the recent advances of SECM investigation in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells including solar cells and PEC water splitting. These advances include rapid screening of photocatalysts/photoelectrodes, interfacial reaction kinetics and quantitation of reaction intermediates, which is significant for evaluating the performance, choosing catalysts and developing novel composite photoanodes and high efficiency devices. Finally, we briefly describe the development trends of SECM in energy research.

Keywords scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) solar cells photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting screening kinetics intermediates

Corresponding Author(s): Xiaofan ZHANG

Just Accepted Date: 27 September 2018 Online First Date: 19 November 2018 Issue Date: 21 December 2018

Cite this article:

Xiaofan ZHANG,Man LIU,Weiqian KONG, et al. Recent advances in solar cells and photo-electrochemical water splitting by scanning electrochemical microscopy[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2018, 11(4): 333-347.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-018-0852-7
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2018/V11/I4/333

Fig.1 Simple schematic of a SECM instrument (WE: working electrode, RE: reference electrode, CE: counter electrode)

Fig.2 Basic principle of the feedback mode

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of mechanism for the surface interrogation (SI) mode [³¹,³²] (OC is denoted as open circuit)

Tab.1 Application of SECM based on the above modes

Fig.4 Basic arrangement for probing the heterogeneous reaction at the (a) n-type dye-sensitized semiconductor (TiO₂) and (b) p-type dye-sensitized semiconductor (CuCrO₂) interface in the feedback mode of SECM under short-circuit conditions. The mediator couple is Co³⁺/Co²⁺ and T₂/T⁻, respectively (Ref: reference electrode, Aux: auxiliary electrode, WE-1: working electrode 1, WE-1: working electrode 2). Plot of ln(k_eff) vs. h for (a) FTO/TiO₂ electrodes in acetonitrile corresponding to the reduction with I^- and Co²⁺ and for (b) FTO/CuCrO₂ electrodes in acetonitrile corresponding to the oxidation with T₂ and I₃⁻[⁵⁹]. Copyright © 2014, John Wiley and Sons

Fig.5 Dispensed pattern of photocatalyst spot array with different mol % of Sn in Fe₂O₃ (a) and Be in 4% Sn-Fe₂O₃ (b). SECM image of (c) Sn doping Fe₂O₃ and (d) Be doping Sn-Fe₂O₃ measured with spot arrays at 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl in 0.2 mol NaOH under visible light irradiation (l≥420 nm) [⁸¹]. Copyright © 2009, American Chemical Society

Fig.6 (a) SECM images for the typical photocurrent response of Zn/WO₃ composites under full UV irradiation and with a 420 nm long-pass filter. (b) PEC response of electrodes with chopped light under full UV irradiation at 20 mV/s [⁸³]. Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society

Fig.7 (a) Operation principle of SECM and the corresponding image results of the electrocatalyst (b) Ir/Co oxide array, (c) photocurrent at Co₃O₄ spot, and (d) photocurrent at Pt spot [⁸⁴]. Copyright © 2011, American Chemical Society

Fig.8 (a) Basic principles for investigating of interfacial reaction kinetics in PEC water splitting under the feedback mode of SECM (Ref: reference electrode, Aux: auxiliary electrode, WE-1: working electrode 1, WE-1: working electrode 2). The semiconductor photocatalyst is BiVO₄ and the redox probe is [Fe(CN)₆]₃⁻/[Fe(CN)₆]₄⁻ (named Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺). (b) Energy scheme of BiVO₄ system on electrochemical and vacuum scale at pH 7.0. Reaction 1 is the catalytic reaction, and reaction 2 is back reaction at interface [⁸⁸]. Copyright © 2016, American Chemical Society

Fig.9 (a) Description of the general SI-SECM simulation space and conditions. All geometries are in axial 2D and described by z and r were shown. Boundary types: i, insulation; ii, bulk concentration (semi-infinite); iii, flux at the tip; iv, concentration of hydroxyl radical OH at the substrate; v, insulation. (b) Description of the surface interrogation technique for the reduction of ?OH(ads) on TiO₂. ① No ?OH(ads) on TiO₂; ②?OH(ads) are generated on TiO₂ through surface irradiation. ③ Light is turned off, interrogation of ?OH(ads) takes place by reduced species generated at the tip [⁹¹]. Copyright © 2012, Royal Society of Chemistry

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