Dimensionality engineering of metal halide perovskites

doi:10.1007/s12200-020-1039-6

Front. Optoelectron.

2020, Vol. 13

Issue (3) : 196-224 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1039-6

REVIEW ARTICLE

Dimensionality engineering of metal halide perovskites

Rashad F. KAHWAGI, Sean T. THORNTON, Ben SMITH, Ghada I. KOLEILAT(

)

Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 1Z1, Canada

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Abstract

Metal halide perovskites are a class of materials that are ideal for photodetectors and solar cells due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Their low-cost and low temperature synthesis have made them attractive for extensive research aimed at revolutionizing the semiconductor industry. The rich chemistry of metal halide perovskites allows compositional engineering resulting in facile tuning of the desired optoelectronic properties. Moreover, using different experimental synthesis and deposition techniques such as solution processing, chemical vapor deposition and hot-injection methods, the dimensionality of the perovskites can be altered from 3D to 0D, each structure opening a new realm of applications due to their unique properties. Dimensionality engineering includes both morphological engineering–reducing the thickness of 3D perovskite into atomically thin films–and molecular engineering–incorporating long-chain organic cations into the perovskite mixture and changing the composition at the molecular level. The optoelectronic properties of the perovskite structure including its band gap, binding energy and carrier mobility depend on both its composition and dimensionality. The plethora of different photodetectors and solar cells that have been made with different compositions and dimensions of perovskite will be reviewed here. We will conclude our review by discussing the kinetics and dynamics of different dimensionalities, their inherent stability and toxicity issues, and how reaching similar performance to 3D in lower dimensionalities and their large-scale deployment can be achieved.

Keywords optoelectronics solar cells perovskite photodetectors metal halides dimensionality

Corresponding Author(s): Ghada I. KOLEILAT

Just Accepted Date: 10 July 2020 Online First Date: 06 August 2020 Issue Date: 27 September 2020

Cite this article:

Rashad F. KAHWAGI,Sean T. THORNTON,Ben SMITH, et al. Dimensionality engineering of metal halide perovskites[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2020, 13(3): 196-224.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-020-1039-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2020/V13/I3/196

Fig.1 3D perovskite. (a) Low-dimensional perovskite hybrids. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [³], Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Morphological low-dimensional perovskites. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [²], Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig.3 (a) TEM image of 2D perovskite nanosheet. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [⁴⁴], Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic showing the structure of 2D perovskite nanoplatelet. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [¹³], Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (c) TEM image of 2D perovskite nanodisk. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [⁴⁵], Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig.4 Perovskite lattices with different dimensions, on the left: 3D perovskite (n = ∞), in the middle: quasi-2D perovskite (1<n<∞) and on the right: pure 2D perovskite (n = 1). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [⁵], Copyright 2018, Springer Nature

Tab.1 A list of organic cations used in quasi-2D perovskites with their potential optoelectronic applications

Fig.6 Multilayered 2D hybrid perovskite ((BA)₂(MA)_n₋₁Pb_nI₃_n₊₁) film showing the enhanced charge transport because of the n = 2 to n = ∞ layering. The film is approximately 358 nm thick. The electron transport time is approximately 477 ps and the hole transfer time is approximately 987 ps. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [⁷⁷], Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society

Fig.7 Structure of 1D perovskite (C₄N₂H₁₄PbBr₄) showing [PbBr₄²⁻] octahedra surrounded by C₄N₂H₁₄²⁺ organic cations [⁸⁹]

Fig.8 Highlighting the direct-indirect nature of the perovskite bandgap with (a) Rashba spin-orbit coupling effect on optical transition. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁷], Copyright 2018, Wiley. (b) Proposed band diagram for the perovskite’s tetragonal phase with a slightly shifted conduction band minimum (CBM) compared to the valence band maximum (VBM), highlighting the indirect bandgap, while the minimum in conduction band showing the direct bandgap (CBD). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [¹⁰⁸], Copyright 2017, Springer Nature

Fig.9 Bandgaps of different multi-dimensional perovskite materials [¹¹³]

Fig.12 Different bandgap values for 2D perovskites with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) or without (no SOC). The name representation show the metal atom first with the in-plane and axial halogens [¹⁵,¹²⁴,¹²⁵]

Fig.13 Diagram showing recombination mechanisms in halide perovskite. Seen from left to right: bimolecular, a radiative process where an electron from the conduction band (CB) and hole from the valance band (VB) combine to produce a photon. Trap-assisted recombination, a monomolecular, non-radiative process where a carrier moves to a defect induced localized energy level between the VB and CB. Auger recombination, a non-radiative process where a carrier transmits its energy to a carrier of the same type allowing it to recombine. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [¹³⁵], Copyright 2018, Woodhead Publishing

Fig.14 Diagram demonstrating difference between (a) vertical-structure and (b) lateral-structure photodetectors. Vertical-structure photodetectors possess a transparent incident light window at the bottom. In contrast, lateral-structure photodetectors have an incident light window on top. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [¹⁸⁹], Copyright 2013, Wiley

Fig.15 (a) Architectural device schematic showing the structure of the bulk heterojunction photodetector. The bottoms substrate consists of an Si gate, an SiO₂ gate dielectric, and Au source/drain electrodes. The active layer is a heterojunction of perovskite nanocrystals and PC₇₁BM). The inset depicts the chemical structure of PC₇₁BM. (b) HRTEM image of the CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals, scale 50 nm. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [²⁰⁰], Copyright 2017, ACS Publications

Tab.2 Perovskite photodetectors, their dimensionalities, and relevant figures of merit

Fig.16 J–V characteristic curves of PSC using different (a) scanning speeds and (b) illumination intensities [²⁰⁷]

Fig.18 Different materials used currently in the formation of perovskite solar cell devices [²⁰⁹]

Tab.3 Examples of different halide perovskite-based devices and their respective electrical properties

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