Recent advances, challenges, and opportunities of inorganic nanoscintillators

doi:10.1007/s12200-020-1003-5

Front. Optoelectron.

2020, Vol. 13

Issue (2) : 156-187 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1003-5

REVIEW ARTICLE

Recent advances, challenges, and opportunities of inorganic nanoscintillators

Santosh K. GUPTA¹, Yuanbing MAO²(

)

¹. Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
². Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA

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Abstract

This review article highlights the exploration of inorganic nanoscintillators for various scientific and technological applications in the fields of radiation detection, bioimaging, and medical theranostics. Various aspects of nanoscintillators pertaining to their fundamental principles, mechanism, structure, applications are briefly discussed. The mechanisms of inorganic nanoscintillators are explained based on the fundamental principles, instrumentation involved, and associated physical and chemical phenomena, etc. Subsequently, the promise of nanoscintillators over the existing single-crystal scintillators and other types of scintillators is presented, enabling their development for multifunctional applications. The processes governing the scintillation mechanisms in nanodomains, such as surface, structure, quantum, and dielectric confinement, are explained to reveal the underlying nanoscale scintillation phenomena. Additionally, suitable examples are provided to explain these processes based on the published data. Furthermore, we attempt to explain the different types of inorganic nanoscintillators in terms of the powder nanoparticles, thin films, nanoceramics, and glasses to ensure that the effect of nanoscience in different nanoscintillator domains can be appreciated. The limitations of nanoscintillators are also highlighted in this review article. The advantages of nanostructured scintillators, including their property-driven applications, are also explained. This review article presents the considerable application potential of nanostructured scintillators with respect to important aspects as well as their physical and application significance in a concise manner.

Keywords scintillators nanoscintillators inorganic photoluminescence radioluminescence

Corresponding Author(s): Yuanbing MAO

Just Accepted Date: 26 March 2020 Online First Date: 27 May 2020 Issue Date: 21 July 2020

Cite this article:

Santosh K. GUPTA,Yuanbing MAO. Recent advances, challenges, and opportunities of inorganic nanoscintillators[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2020, 13(2): 156-187.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-020-1003-5
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2020/V13/I2/156

Fig.1 Instrumental setup involved in the scintillation process

Fig.3 (a) Mechanism of scintillation in inorganic crystals and (b) emission spectra of three typical inorganic scintillators with and without activators [²²]. Copyright 2013. Reproduced with permission from Springer

Fig.4 Emission spectra of the Eu³⁺-doped (a) bulk and (b) nanosized Y₂Sn₂O₇ [¹¹⁰]. Copyright 2013. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier. (c) Emission spectra of the Eu³⁺-doped bulk and nanosized Gd₂O₃ [¹⁰¹]. Copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission from IEEE

Fig.7 RL spectra of (a) the La₂Zr₂O₇:Eu³⁺ NPs [¹²⁶] (Copyright 2011. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier), (b) Gd₂O₃:Eu³⁺ [¹²⁷] (Copyright 2013. Reproduced with permission from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering,?University?of?Florida,?Gainesville,?Florida and (c) the BaF₂:Ce³⁺ NPs [¹²⁷] (Copyright 2013. Reproduced with permission from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering,?University?of?Florida,?Gainesville,?Florida)

Fig.8 RL spectra of the (a) Gd₂O₂S:Eu³⁺ NPs [¹²³] (Copyright 2011. Reproduced with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry), (b) LaF₃:Eu³⁺ NPs [¹²⁸] (Copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission from IEEE), (c) BaF₃:Ce NPs [¹²⁸] (Copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission from IEEE), and (d) HfO₂ NPs [¹³⁷] (Copyright 2017. Reproduced with permission from the Japan Society of Applied Physics)

Fig.9 Scintillation output of the quantum dot nanoporous glass composites under (a) a and (b) γ irradiation. Both the pulse height spectra were corrected from the background radiation. A Gaussian fit of the 59-keV line of americium-241 shown in the inset indicates an experimental energy resolution DE/E of 15% at this energy [¹⁴⁶] (Copyright 2006. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society). (c) Scintillation temporal behavior of (n-C₆H₁₃NH₃)₂PbI₄ measured with the streak camera and fitted with the sum of two or one exponential decays [¹⁴⁷] (Copyright 2014. Reproduced with permission from the Japan Society of Applied Physics)

Fig.11 RL spectra of the (a) La₂Hf₂O₇:Pr³⁺ NPs [³⁶] (Copyright 2018. Reproduced with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry), (b) La₂Hf₂O₇:Eu³⁺ NPs [⁴⁰] (Copyright 2017. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier), and (c) La₂Hf₂O₇:Ce³⁺ bulk microcrystalline powder [¹⁵⁹] (Copyright 2012. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier)

Fig.13 RL spectra of the (a) PMMA:Gd₃Ga₃Al₂O₁₂:Ce (GGAG:Ce) film under different X-ray tube voltages [¹⁶⁵] (Copyright 2017. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society), (b) BaF₂ NPs:polystyrene film having different NP sizes [¹⁶⁶] (Copyright 2016. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier), and (c) SrF₂ NPs:polystyrene film having different NP sizes. Curve 7 represents the spectrum of the SrF₂ microcrystalline powder pellet having the same thickness as the film [¹⁶⁷] (Copyright 2017. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier)

Fig.14 (a) Synthesis of Hf–MOF and Zr–MOF and (b) X-ray-induced generation of fast photoelectrons from heavy Hf and Zr metals followed by the scintillation of the anthracene-based linkers in the visible spectrum [³¹]. Copyright 2014. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society

Fig.15 RL signals of the Hf–MOF, Zr–MOF, and control samples (from left to right): HfO₂ and ZrO₂ colloidal NPs, H₂L alone, H₂L+ HfO₂ colloid, H₂L+ ZrO₂ colloid, Hf–MOF, and Zr–MOF. The concentration of H₂L, Hf, or Zr in the samples is 1.2 mM. The X-ray dosages are 1 Gy/10 s with an effective X-ray energy of ~18.9 keV (40-kV tube voltage and 0.08-mA tube current) and a detection gain of 200. (b) RL signals of Hf–MOF and Zr–MOF with different concentrations and radiation tube voltages [³¹]. Copyright 2014. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society

Fig.16 (a) RL spectra of the BaF₂ NPs having different sizes [¹⁷⁴] (Copyright 2014. Reproduced with permission from AIP), (b) RL spectra of the CaF₂ NPs having different sizes [¹⁸⁶] (Copyright 2012. Reproduced with permission from AIP), and (c) RL spectra of the LuPO₄:Ce NPs [¹⁸⁸] (Copyright 2014. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier)

Fig.17 (a) Schematic of a typical RLM setup using a 500-mm CdWO₄ scintillator (left) and a 10-mm Lu₂O₃:Eu scintillator (right). (b) Comparison of the sensitivities of the Lu₂O₃:Eu and CdWO₄ scintillators [¹⁹¹]. Copyright 2015. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier

Fig.18 Beta RL spectra of transparent 5% Eu-doped Lu₂O₃ ceramic compared with the Tb-doped glass scintillator along with their integral light yields [¹⁹⁴]. Copyright 2010. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier

Fig.19 RL spectra of (a) phosphate glass and (b) lead phosphate glass [¹⁹⁵].

Fig.20 RL spectra of the Tb³⁺-doped Na₅Gd₉F₃₂ GC scintillators. The inset shows the dependence of the PL and XEL intensities on the Tb³⁺ concentration [²⁰¹]. Copyright 2018. Reproduced with permission from the Optical Society of America

Fig.21 (a) γ and α energy spectra derived from the ¹³³Ba and ²⁴¹Am isotopes, respectively, attenuated through 3.7-cm air by irradiating a 1 cm × 1 cm thin composite assembly of para-MEH–PPV and PbSe NPs. The spectra were obtained for various durations, as shown in the legend. The inset shows a TEM micrograph of PbSe NPs under assembly. (b) Typical ¹³³Ba spectra derived from a thin detector in which the Pb and Se X-ray escape peaks are prominent [²⁰²]

Fig.23 (a) Scintillating NPs serve as an X-ray transducer to generate ¹O₂ through the energy transfer process. (b) Diagram of the PDT mechanism that occurs when energy is transferred from the ScNPs to activate the PS. PS’s electrons from the ground state (S₀) absorb energy and move to singlet-excited states (S₁) [¹]. Copyright 2016. Reproduced with permission from the American chemical society

Fig.25 Core–shell NaYF₄:Yb,Er nanoscintillator for X-ray induced shortwave IR luminescence in case of optical bioimaging [²²⁶]. Copyright 2015. Reproduced with permission from the American Chemical Society

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