Nanocomposites and bone regeneration

doi:10.1007/s11706-011-0151-3

Front Mater Sci

0, Vol.

Issue () : 342-357 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-011-0151-3

REVIEW ARTICLE

Nanocomposites and bone regeneration

Roshan JAMES^1,2,3, Meng DENG^1,2,3, Cato T. LAURENCIN^1,2,3,4, Sangamesh G. KUMBAR^1,2,3,4(

)

1. Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; 2. New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; 3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; 4. Department of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

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Abstract

This manuscript focuses on bone repair/regeneration using tissue engineering strategies, and highlights nanobiotechnology developments leading to novel nanocomposite systems. About 6.5 million fractures occur annually in USA, and about 550,000 of these individual cases required the application of a bone graft. Autogenous and allogenous bone have been most widely used for bone graft based therapies; however, there are significant problems such as donor shortage and risk of infection. Alternatives using synthetic and natural biomaterials have been developed, and some are commercially available for clinical applications requiring bone grafts. However, it remains a great challenge to design an ideal synthetic graft that very closely mimics the bone tissue structurally, and can modulate the desired function in osteoblast and progenitor cell populations. Nanobiomaterials, specifically nanocomposites composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and/or collagen are extremely promising graft substitutes. The biocomposites can be fabricated to mimic the material composition of native bone tissue, and additionally, when using nano-HA (reduced grain size), one mimics the structural arrangement of native bone. A good understanding of bone biology and structure is critical to development of bone mimicking graft substitutes. HA and collagen exhibit excellent osteoconductive properties which can further modulate the regenerative/healing process following fracture injury. Combining with other polymeric biomaterials will reinforce the mechanical properties thus making the novel nano-HA based composites comparable to human bone. We report on recent studies using nanocomposites that have been fabricated as particles and nanofibers for regeneration of segmental bone defects. The research in nanocomposites, highlight a pivotal role in the future development of an ideal orthopaedic implant device, however further significant advancements are necessary to achieve clinical use.

Keywords bone graft substitute nanocomposite hydroxyapatite collagen nanofiber biomimetic nanobiomaterial osteogenic segmental defect tibia defect

Corresponding Author(s): KUMBAR Sangamesh G.,Email:kumbar@uchc.edu

Issue Date: 05 December 2011

Cite this article:

Roshan JAMES,Meng DENG,Cato T. LAURENCIN, et al. Nanocomposites and bone regeneration[J]. Front Mater Sci, 0, (): 342-357.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-011-0151-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y0/V/I/342

Fig.1 Hierarchical structural organization of bone where the macrostructure is composed of cortical and cancellous bone, which is composed of osteons with Haversian systems and lamellae. This microstructure is composed of collagen fibers made up of nano-diameter collagen fibrils. The smallest structural unit in bone is bone mineral crystals, collagen molecules, and non-collagenous proteins. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 1998 Elsevier Ltd.)

Fig.2 SEM image of nHAC/PLA composite scaffold with micron sized (100-300 μm) interconnected pores with a pore wall thickness of 15-30 μm. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 2004 John Wiley and Sons)

Fig.3 Representative computer radiographs (CR) of rabbit radius defects implanted with the porous scaffolds of BMP-2/g-HA/PLAGA (a-1, a-2, a-3 and a-4), g-HA/PLAGA (b-1, b-2, b-3 and b-4), HA/PLAGA (c-1, c-2, c-3 and c-4), and PLAGA (d-1, d-2, d-3 and d-4) at 0, 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery. There were more mineral deposit and new bone formation in the groups of BMP-2/g-HA/PLAGA, g-HA/PLAGA, HA/PLAGA than that in the group of PLAGA. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd.)

Fig.4 Micro-computed tomography: Two examples of the μCT of the entire cranial bone are shown. Defect margins and treatment modalities are indicated. μCT based direct intra-animal comparison of PLAGA- and PLAGA/TCP-treated defects of all nine animals. In all animals, with one exception, the closure of the PLAGA/TCP-treated defects is advanced compared to the PLAGA-treated defect in the same animal. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 2008 Acta Materialia Inc. and Elsevier Ltd.)

Fig.5 Electrospun nanofibers of poly[bis(-methylphenoxy)phosphazene]: SEM image showing the uniform morphology of nanofibers. SEM image presenting MC3T3-E1 cells covering the nanofiber matrix after 7 days of culture. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [], Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society)

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