Electrochemical capacitance of nanostructured ruthenium-doped tin oxide Sn1--xRuxO2 by the microemulsion method

doi:10.1007/s11706-017-0396-6

Front. Mater. Sci.

2017, Vol. 11

Issue (4) : 385-394 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-017-0396-6

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Electrochemical capacitance of nanostructured ruthenium-doped tin oxide Sn_1--xRu_xO₂ by the microemulsion method

Ramanathan SARASWATHY(

)

Department of Physics, Velammal Institute of Technology, Panchetti, Thiruvallur-601204, India

Download: PDF(483 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | RefWorks

Abstract

Synthesis of nanostructured Ru-doped SnO₂ was successfully carried out using the reverse microemulsion method. The phase purity and the crystallite size were analyzed by XRD. The surface morphology and the microstructure of synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by SEM and TEM. The vibration mode of nanoparticles was investigated using FTIR and Raman studies. The electrochemical behavior of the Ru-doped SnO₂ electrode was evaluated in a 0.1 mol/L Na₂SO₄ solution using cyclic voltammetry. The 5% Ru-doped SnO₂ electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 535.6 F/g at a scan rate 20 mV/s, possessing good conductivity as well as the electro-cycling stability. The Ru-doped SnO₂ composite shows excellent electrochemical properties, suggesting that this composite is a promising material for supercapacitors.

Keywords reverse microemulsion tin oxide nanomaterials supercapacitor electrochemical property

Corresponding Author(s): Ramanathan SARASWATHY

Online First Date: 14 November 2017 Issue Date: 29 November 2017

Cite this article:

Ramanathan SARASWATHY. Electrochemical capacitance of nanostructured ruthenium-doped tin oxide Sn_1--xRu_xO₂ by the microemulsion method[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2017, 11(4): 385-394.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-017-0396-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2017/V11/I4/385

Fig.1 Experimental procedure for the synthesis of Ru-doped tin oxide nanoparticles.

Fig.2 DSC studies for as-prepared samples of SNR-0, SNR-2 and SNR-5.

Fig.3 (a) XRD patterns of SnO₂ and Ru-doped SnO₂ heat-treated at 500°C, with peaks marked corresponding to the tetrahedral structure of SnO₂ (JCPDS No. 41-1445). (b) Peak shift shown in the graph.

Fig.4 XRD patterns of nanopowders heat-treated at 500°C and the Rietveld refined results: (a) SNR-0; (b) SNR-2.

Tab.1 Structural parameters of Ru: SnO₂ nanoparticles

Fig.5 SEM images of the 500°C heat-treated samples at the same magnification: (a) SNR-0; (b) SNR-2; (c) SNR-5.(d) EDS spectrum for SNR-0 acquired from the region marked by the square in the insert.

Tab.2 Elemental analysis of Ru: SnO₂ nanoparticles in molar percentage

Fig.6 (a)(b) Bright-field TEM images of Ru-doped SnO₂ at two different magnifications, with the particle-size distribution in the insert. (c) High-resolution TEM image and (d) EDS spectrum of Ru-doped SnO₂.

Fig.7 FTIR spectra of as-synthesized SNR-0, SNR-2 and SNR-5.

Fig.8 Raman spectra of as-synthesized SNR-0, SNR-2 and SNR-5.

Fig.9 Room-temperature CV curves of (a) SNR-0, (b) SNR-2, and (c) SNR-5 at different scan rates, with Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode, Pt as the counter electrode, and 0.1 mol/L Na₂SO₄ solution as the electrolyte. (d)Specific capacitance as a function of current density for all samples.

Tab.3 Specific capacitance values of SNR-0, SNR-2 and SNR-5 at different scan rates

Fig.10 Plots of the maximum current (I_max) vs. the square root of the scan rate obtained from the CV curves for (a) SNR-0, (b)SNR-2 and (c)SNR-5. (d)Cycle life of SNR-0, SNR-2 and SNR-5 at the current density of 1 A/g, with the inset showing the final 10 cycles of SNR-5.

27	Chen Z W, Du J, Zhang H J, et al.Exploring the microstructural and electrical properties of SnO2 nanorods prepared by a widely applicable route. Acta Materialia, 2009, 57(15): 4632–4637 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.06.041
28	Chen Y J, Nie L, Xue X Y, et al.Linear ethanol sensing of SnO2 nanorods with extremely high sensitivity. Applied Physics Letters, 2006, 88(8): 083105 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2166695
29	Camacho-López M A, Galeana-Camacho J R, Esparza-García A, et al.Characterization of nanostructured SnO2 films deposited by reactive DC-magnetron sputtering. Superficies y Vacío, 2013, 26(3): 95–99
30	Trani F, Causà M, Ninno D, et al.Density functional study of oxygen vacancies at the SnO2 surface and subsurface sites. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2008, 77(24): 245410 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.245410
31	Zhu Z, Deka R C, Chutia A, et al.Enhanced gas-sensing behaviour of Ru-doped SnO2 surface: A periodic density functional approach. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2009, 70(9): 1248–1255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2009.07.012
32	McGuire K, Pan Z W, Wang Z L, et al.Raman studies of semiconducting oxide nanobelts. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2002, 2(5): 499–502 https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2002.129
33	Wu Q, Xu Y, Yao Z, et al.Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films. ACS Nano, 2010, 4(4): 1963–1970 doi:10.1021/nn1000035
1	Burke A. Ultracapacitors: Why, how, and where is the technology. Journal of Power Sources, 2000, 91(1): 37–50 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00485-7
34	Manivel P, Ramakrishnan S, Kothurkar N K, et al.Optical and electrochemical studies of polyaniline/SnO2 fibrous nanocomposites. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48(2): 640–645 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.11.033
35	Dai Y M, Tang S C, Peng J Q, et al.MnO2@SnO2 core–shell heterostructured nanorods for supercapacitors. Materials Letters, 2014, 130: 107–110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.05.090
36	Li G, Wang Z, Zheng F, et al.ZnO@MoO3 core/shell nanocables: facile electrochemical synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performances. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(12): 4217–4221 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm03500a
37	Saha S, Jana M, Khanra P, et al.Band gap modified boron doped NiO/Fe3O4 nanostructure as the positive electrode for high energy asymmetric supercapacitors. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(2): 1380–1387 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra20928e
2	Hu C C, Chang K H, Lin M C, et al.Design and tailoring of the nanotubular arrayed architecture of hydrous RuO2 for next generation supercapacitors. Nano Letters, 2006, 6(12): 2690–2695 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl061576a
3	Kim J, Zhu K, Yan Y, et al.Microstructure and pseudocapacitive properties of electrodes constructed of oriented NiO-TiO2 nanotube arrays. Nano Letters, 2010, 10(10): 4099–4104 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl102203s
4	Li G, Wang Z, Zheng F L, et al.ZnO@MoO3 core/shell nanocables: Facile electrochemical synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performances. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21(12): 4217–4221 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm03500a
5	Chen J, Xia X, Tu J, et al.Co3O4‒C core‒shell nanowire array as an advanced anode material for lithium ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22(30): 15056–15061 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm31629c
6	Jeong Y U, Manthiram A. Nanocrystalline manganese oxides for electrochemical capacitors with neutral electrolytes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2002, 149(11): A1419–A1422 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1511188
7	Wang H, Rogach A L. Hierarchical SnO2 nanostructures: Recent advances in design, synthesis, and applications. Chemistry of Materials, 2014, 26(1): 123–133 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm4018248
8	Han X, Jin M, Xie S, et al.Synthesis of tin dioxide octahedral nanoparticles with exposed high-energy {221} facets and enhanced gas-sensing properties. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2009, 48(48): 9180–9183 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200903926
9	El Moustafid T, Cachet H, Tribollet B, et al.Modified transparent SnO2 electrodes as efficient and stable cathodes for oxygen reduction. Electrochimica Acta, 2002, 47(8): 1209–1215 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00845-3
10	Dai Y M, Tang S C, Peng J Q, et al.MnO2@SnO2 core‒shell heterostructured nanorods for supercapacitors. Materials Letters, 2014, 130: 107–110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.05.090
11	Manivel P, Ramakrishnan S, Kothurkar N K, et al.Optical and electrochemical studies of polyaniline/SnO2 fibrous nanocomposites. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48(2): 640–645 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.11.033
12	He C, Xiao Y, Dong H, et al.Mosaic-structured SnO2@C porous microspheres for high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. Electrochimica Acta, 2014, 142: 157–166 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.077
13	Egdell R G, Goodenough J B, Hamnett A, et al.Electrochemistry of ruthenates Part 1. — Oxygen reduction on pyrochlore ruthenates. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 1983, 79: 893–912 https://doi.org/10.1039/f19837900893
14	Horowitz H S, Longo J M, Horowitz H H, et al. The synthesis and electrocatalytic properties of nonstoichiometric ruthenate pyrochlores. In: Grasselli R K, Brazdil J F, eds. ACS Symposium Series (Volume 279): Solid State Chemistry in Catalysis. Washington, DC: ACS, 1985, 143–163
15	Lim J H, Choi D J, Kim H K, et al.Thin film supercapacitors using a sputtered RuO2 electrode. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2001, 148(3): A275–A278 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1350666
16	Raghuveer V, Kumar K, Viswanathan B. Nanocrystalline lead ruthenium pyrochlore as oxygen reduction electrode. Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, 2002, 9(2): 137–140
17	Ramamurthy P, Secco E A. Studies on metal hydroxy compounds. XIII. Thermal analyses and decomposition kinetics of hydroxystannates of bivalent metals. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1971, 49(17): 2813–2816 https://doi.org/10.1139/v71-468
18	Venugopal B, Nandan B, Ayyachamy A, et al.Influence of manganese ions in the band gap of tin oxide nanoparticles: structure, microstructure and optical studies. RSC Advances, 2014, 4(12): 6141–6150 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra46378h
19	Tian Z M, Yuan S L, He J H, et al.Structure and magnetic properties in Mn doped SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2008, 466(1‒2): 26–30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.11.054
20	Kalantar-zadeh K, Ou J Z, Daeneke T, et al.Two dimensional and layered transition metal oxides. Applied Materials Today, 2016, 5: 73–89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2016.09.012
21	Nandan B, Venugopal B, Amirthapandian S, et al.Effect of Pd ion doping in the band gap of SnO2 nanoparticles: structural and optical studies. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 1999, 2013(15): 1–11
22	Gu F, Wang S F, Song C F, et al.Synthesis and luminescence properties of SnO2 nanoparticles. Chemical Physics Letters, 2003, 372(3‒4): 451–454 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00440-8
23	Das S, Kar S, Chaudhuri S. Optical properties of SnO2 nanoparticles and nanorods synthesized by solvothermal process. Journal of Applied Physics, 2006, 99(11): 114303 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2200449
24	Katiyar R S, Dawson P, Hargreave M M, et al.Dynamics of the rutile structure. III. Lattice dynamics, infrared and Raman spectra of SnO2. Journal of Physics Part C: Solid State Physics, 1971, 4(15): 2421–2431
25	Chen W, Ghosh D, Chen S. Large-scale electrochemical synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science, 2008, 43(15): 5291–5299 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2792-x
26	Xiong C S, Xiong Y H, Zhu H, et al.Investigation of Raman spectrum for nano-SnO2. Science in China Series A: Mathematics Physics Astronomy, 1997, 40(11): 1222–1227

[1]	Dandan HAN, Jinhe WEI, Shanshan WANG, Yifan PAN, Junli XUE, Yen WEI. Feather-like NiCo₂O₄ self-assemble from porous nanowires as binder-free electrodes for low charge transfer resistance[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(4): 450-458.
[2]	Huan-Yan XU, Dan LU, Xu HAN. Graphene-induced enhanced anticorrosion performance of waterborne epoxy resin coating[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(2): 211-220.
[3]	Meenaketan SETHI, U. Sandhya SHENOY, Selvakumar MUTHU, D. Krishna BHAT. Facile solvothermal synthesis of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles for high-performance supercapacitor applications[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(2): 120-132.
[4]	Danhua ZHU, Qianjie ZHOU, Aiqin LIANG, Weiqiang ZHOU, Yanan CHANG, Danqin LI, Jing WU, Guo YE, Jingkun XU, Yong REN. Two-step preparation of carbon nanotubes/RuO₂/polyindole ternary nanocomposites and their application as high-performance supercapacitors[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2020, 14(2): 109-119.
[5]	Chengzhi LUO, Guanghui LIU, Min ZHANG. Electric-field-induced microstructure modulation of carbon nanotubes for high-performance supercapacitors[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(3): 270-276.
[6]	Bin CAI, Changxiang SHAO, Liangti QU, Yuning MENG, Lin JIN. Preparation of sulfur-doped graphene fibers and their application in flexible fibriform micro-supercapacitors[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(2): 145-155.
[7]	Meng LIU, Lei LIU, Yifeng YU, Haijun LV, Aibing CHEN, Senlin HOU. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon spheres using the modified Stöber method for supercapacitors[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(2): 156-164.
[8]	Ge JU, Muhammad Arif KHAN, Huiwen ZHENG, Zhongxun AN, Mingxia WU, Hongbin ZHAO, Jiaqiang XU, Lei ZHANG, Salma BILAL, Jiujun ZHANG. Honeycomb-like polyaniline for flexible and folding all-solid-state supercapacitors[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(2): 133-144.
[9]	Maria COROŞ, Florina POGĂCEAN, Lidia MĂGERUŞAN, Crina SOCACI, Stela PRUNEANU. A brief overview on synthesis and applications of graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2019, 13(1): 23-32.
[10]	Honghong ZOU, Lei WANG, Chenghui ZENG, Xiaolei GAO, Qingqing WANG, Shengliang ZHONG. Rare-earth coordination polymer micro/nanomaterials: Preparation, properties and applications[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(4): 327-347.
[11]	Haiyan LI, Yucheng ZHAO, Chang-An WANG. MoS₂/CoS₂ composites composed of CoS₂ octahedrons and MoS₂ nano-flowers for supercapacitor electrode materials[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(4): 354-360.
[12]	Wang YANG, Wu YANG, Lina KONG, Shuanlong DI, Xiujuan QIN. Nitrogen--oxygen co-doped corrugation-like porous carbon for high performance supercapacitor[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(3): 283-291.
[13]	Ke ZHAN, Tong YIN, Yuan XUE, Yinwen TAN, Yihao ZHOU, Ya YAN, Bin ZHAO. A two-step approach to synthesis of Co(OH)₂/γ-NiOOH/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for high performance supercapacitors[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(3): 273-282.
[14]	Jiangli XUE, Maosong MO, Zhuming LIU, Dapeng YE, Zhihua CHENG, Tong XU, Liangti QU. A general synthesis strategy for the multifunctional 3D polypyrrole foam of thin 2D nanosheets[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(2): 105-117.
[15]	Jagpreet SINGH, Aditi RATHI, Mohit RAWAT, Manoj GUPTA. Graphene: from synthesis to engineering to biosensor applications[J]. Front. Mater. Sci., 2018, 12(1): 1-20.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed