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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering

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Front. Agr. Sci. Eng.    2022, Vol. 9 Issue (3) : 316-332    https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2022441
REVIEW
ROLE OF NITROGEN SENSING AND ITS INTEGRATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN SHAPING ROOT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Hui LIU1, Qian LIU1, Xiuhua GAO1(), Xiangdong FU1,2()
1. State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract

● The Green Revolution broadened the trade-off between yield and nitrogen-use efficiency.

● Root developmental and metabolic adaptations to nitrogen availability.

● Mechanisms of nitrogen uptake and assimilation have been extensively studied.

● Modulating plant growth-metabolic coordination improves nitrogen-use efficiency in crops.

The Green Revolution of the 1960s boosted crop yields in part through widespread production of semidwarf plant cultivars and extensive use of mineral fertilizers. The beneficial semidwarfism of cereal Green Revolution cultivars is due to the accumulation of plant growth-repressing DELLA proteins, which increases lodging resistance but requires a high-nitrogen fertilizer to obtain high yield. Given that environmentally degrading fertilizer use underpins current worldwide crop production, future agricultural sustainability needs a sustainable Green Revolution through reducing N fertilizer use while boosting grain yield above what is currently achievable. Despite a great deal of research efforts, only a few genes have been demonstrated to improve N-use efficiency in crops. The molecular mechanisms underlying the coordination between plant growth and N metabolism is still not fully understood, thus preventing significant improvement. Recent advances of how plants sense, capture and respond to varying N supply in model plants have shed light on how to improve sustainable productivity in agriculture. This review focuses on the current understanding of root developmental and metabolic adaptations to N availability, and discuss the potential approaches to improve N-use efficiency in high-yielding cereal crops.
Keywords Nitrogen      root system architecture      phytohormone      crosstalk      nitrogen-use efficiency      breeding strategy     
Corresponding Author(s): Xiuhua GAO,Xiangdong FU   
About author:

Tongcan Cui and Yizhe Hou contributed equally to this work.
Just Accepted Date: 15 March 2022   Online First Date: 11 April 2022    Issue Date: 09 September 2022
 Cite this article:   
Hui LIU,Qian LIU,Xiuhua GAO, et al. ROLE OF NITROGEN SENSING AND ITS INTEGRATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN SHAPING ROOT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE[J]. Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. , 2022, 9(3): 316-332.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/10.15302/J-FASE-2022441
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fase/EN/Y2022/V9/I3/316
Fig.1  The absorption, transport and assimilation of inorganic nitrogen in Arabidopsis.
Fig.2  Root developmental adaptations to nitrogen availability. (a) The diagrams of the root responses of Arabidopsis plants under different nitrogen levels. (b) Schematic representation of integrative NO3− signaling.
Fig.3  Systemic nitrate signaling and its role in whole-plant responses in Arabidopsis split-root system. (a) Differential responses of primary and lateral roots of Arabidopsis plants under nitrate (NO3−) heterogeneous conditions. (b) A simplified model of systemic NO3− signaling in root foraging responses.
Gene name Species Phenotype
OsAMT1;1[138] Rice Enhancing the permeability of NH4+ and improving grain yield under low NH4+ conditions
OsAMT1;3[139] Rice AMT1;3-overexpression lines exhibit C and N metabolic imbalance, resulting in a poor growth and reduced grain yield
OsNRT1.1a[140] Rice Overexpression of OsNRT1.1a enhances N uptake and grain yield with early flowering
OsNRT1.1b[141] Rice The upregulation of OsNRT1.1b enhances NUE and grain yield in rice
OsNRT2.3b[142] Rice Enhancing pH homeostasis, grain yield and NUE
OsNAR2.1[143] Rice Promoting NO3− absorption and transport, and improving drought resistance
OsNR2[144] Rice The upregulation of OsNR2 increases tiller numbers, grain yield and NUE
OsGS1;1[145] Rice Promoting grain filling
OsGS1;2[146] Rice Improving uptake and assimilation of NH4+
OsNLP4[147] Rice Increasing tillering, grain yield and NUE under different N conditions
OsFd-GOGAT[148] Rice Involved in N remobilization during leaf senescence
OsTCP19[149] Rice N-regulated OsTCP19 negatively regulates rice tillering
AlaAT[150] Rice Promoting biomass accumulation, tiller numbers, N content and grain yield
OsMYB305[151] Rice Increasing N assimilation, tiller numbers and shoot dry weight
DEP1[152] Rice N-regulated dep1 allele improves N assimilation, NUE and grain yield
MADS25[153] Rice Increasing primary root length, lateral root number and shoot fresh weight
OsBT1/2[154] Rice Negative regulator of N uptake and utilization
GRF4[5] Rice Integrating and coordinating plant growth, C fixation and N assimilation, reducing N fertilizer use while boosting grain yield without affecting semidwarfism
OsNAP[155] Rice Regulating nutrient uptake capacity and affecting plant senescence
NGR5[156] Rice N-regulated NGR5 enhances tillering, NUE and grain yield in rice
DNR1[157] Rice Involved in auxin biosynthesis, enhancing N metabolism and NUE in rice
TOND1[158] Rice Increasing primary root length, N uptake, shoot dry weight, grain number and yield
OsDRO1[159] Rice Modulating root growth angle, enhancing N uptake and grain yield
TaNAC2-5A[160] Wheat Promoting root branching and NO3– uptake, increasing N harvest index and grain yield
TaNFYA-B1[161] Wheat Promoting root branching and NO3– uptake, Increasing spike number and grain yield
TaGS2-2Ab[162] Wheat Enhancing N uptake and remobilization, grain number, grain weight, and grain yield
TaARE1[163] Wheat Increasing N uptake, grain weight and grain yield under low N conditions
TaTAR2.1[164] Wheat Enhancing lateral root length, spike number and grain yield
Ms44[165] Maize Improving grain yield and NUE
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