Impact of water depth on the distribution of iGDGTs in the surface sediments from the northern South China Sea: applicability of TEX<sub>86</sub> in marginal seas

doi:10.1007/s11707-016-0620-1

Front. Earth Sci.

2018, Vol. 12

Issue (1) : 95-107 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-016-0620-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Impact of water depth on the distribution of iGDGTs in the surface sediments from the northern South China Sea: applicability of TEX₈₆ in marginal seas

Jiali CHEN^1,^2,⁵, Pengju HU^1,², Xing LI^1,³, Yang YANG¹, Jinming SONG⁴, Xuegang LI⁴, Huamao YUAN⁴, Ning LI⁴, Xiaoxia LÜ^1,³(

)

¹. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
². Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
³. College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
⁴. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
⁵. No.5 Middle School of Nan Chang, Nanchang 330029, China

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Abstract

The paleothermometer on the base of isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (iGDGTs) has been widely applied to various marine settings to reconstruct past sea surface temperatures (SSTs). However, it remains uncertain how well this proxy reconstructs SSTs in marginal seas. In this study, we analyze the environmental factors governing distribution of iGDGTs in surface sediments to assess the applicability of paleothermometer in the South China Sea (SCS). Individual iGDGT concentrations increase gradually eastwards. Redundancy analysis based on the relative abundance of an individual iGDGT compound and environmental parameters suggests that water depth is the most influential factor to the distribution of iGDGTs, because thaumarchaeota communities are water-depth dependent. Interestingly, the SST difference (ΔT) between derived temperature and remote-sensing SST is less than 1°C in sediments with water depth>200 m, indicating that was the robust proxy to trace the paleo-SST in the region if water depth is greater than 200 m.

Keywords iGDGTs distribution South China Sea (SCS) sea surface temperature water depth

Corresponding Author(s): Xiaoxia LÜ

Just Accepted Date: 14 December 2016 Online First Date: 24 January 2017 Issue Date: 23 January 2018

Cite this article:

Jiali CHEN,Pengju HU,Xing LI, et al. Impact of water depth on the distribution of iGDGTs in the surface sediments from the northern South China Sea: applicability of TEX₈₆ in marginal seas[J]. Front. Earth Sci., 2018, 12(1): 95-107.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/10.1007/s11707-016-0620-1 https://academic.hep.com.cn/fesci/EN/Y2018/V12/I1/95

Fig.1 Structures of isoprenoid GDGTs and branched GDGTs.

Fig.2 Sampling sites in the SCS. WD: water depth.

Site	longtitude(°E)	latitude(°N)	$TEX 86 H$	$TEX 86 H$ -SST /?C	Water depth /m	Salinity /psu	NO₃^?/(µmol·L^?¹)	TALK/(µmol·kg^?¹)	Oxygen /(mL·L^?¹)	TCO₂/(µmol·kg^?¹)	AM-SST/°C	SST-Spring/°C	SST-Summer/°C	SST-Autumn/°C	SST-Winner/°C
S-1	111.53	21.32	?0.28	19.48	18.30	33.65	0.62	2079.00	4.90	1911.50	25.22	23.89	29.15	27.19	20.62
S-2	112.06	20.65	?0.25	21.22	60.80	33.87	0.56	2091.00	4.86	1912.00	25.71	24.72	29.04	27.31	21.79
S-3	112.40	20.22	?0.22	23.43	80.00	33.93	0.55	1092.00	4.85	1912.00	26.04	25.24	29.03	27.45	22.47
S-4	113.22	19.21	?0.17	27.03	453.00	33.94	0.57	2089.00	4.80	1909.00	26.75	26.39	29.21	27.75	23.59
S-5	110.96	21.19	?0.29	18.55	12.70	33.56	0.59	2070.00	4.89	1910.50	25.12	23.77	29.29	27.22	20.48
S-6	111.59	20.39	?0.25	21.16	62.10	33.91	0.55	1091.00	4.85	1911.50	25.77	24.79	29.17	27.42	21.79
S-7	110.61	20.99	?0.28	19.53	2.70	33.50	0.56	2062.00	4.88	1909.00	25.21	23.77	29.31	27.26	20.50
S-8	110.73	20.83	?0.26	20.78	14.40	33.58	0.56	2069.00	4.87	1910.50	25.32	23.99	29.33	27.30	20.76
S-9	111.07	20.41	?0.29	18.78	40.60	33.79	0.55	2082.00	4.85	1911.00	25.69	24.59	29.26	27.39	21.49
S-10	111.70	19.59	?0.22	23.76	106.20	33.98	0.55	2091.00	4.81	1911.80	26.23	25.75	29.28	27.60	22.85
S-11	112.32	18.80	?0.17	27.04	330.00	33.96	0.59	2087.00	4.78	1908.50	26.83	26.62	29.26	27.78	23.73
S-12	111.42	19.71	?0.23	22.65	79.00	33.96	0.55	2090.00	4.81	1911.90	26.23	25.57	29.27	27.56	22.60
S-13	111.53	19.58	?0.23	22.65	100.70	33.98	0.55	2091.00	4.81	1911.80	26.33	25.75	29.27	27.60	22.81
S-14	111.64	19.45	?0.21	24.41	115.80	33.98	0.56	2091.00	4.80	1911.70	26.44	25.93	29.26	27.64	23.00
S-15	111.75	19.32	?0.20	25.00	132.70	33.98	0.56	2091.00	4.80	1911.50	26.53	26.07	29.26	27.68	23.14
S-16	111.85	19.18	?0.19	25.63	146.30	33.98	0.57	2090.00	4.80	1911.00	26.62	26.23	29.26	27.73	22.35
S-17	110.98	19.55	?0.22	23.58	20.70	33.85	0.54	2084.00	4.81	1911.00	26.26	25.59	29.34	27.61	22.62
S-18	111.08	19.49	?0.27	19.89	66.30	33.91	0.54	2086.00	4.80	1911.50	26.35	25.73	29.34	27.62	22.75
S-19	111.53	19.24	?0.20	24.66	124.90	33.98	0.56	2089.00	4.79	1910.80	26.56	26.12	29.32	27.72	23.23
S-20	110.98	19.07	?0.25	21.73	99.70	33.90	0.56	2084.00	4.79	1910.50	26.87	26.14	29.41	27.73	23.25
S-21	111.20	18.98	?0.23	22.89	120.60	33.94	0.57	2087.00	4.79	1910.30	26.93	26.16	29.40	27.73	23.42
S-22	112.01	18.63	?0.18	26.49	504.70	33.96	0.60	2086.00	4.75	1908.00	26.93	26.74	29.35	27.82	23.87
S-23	111.11	18.63	?0.21	24.43	147.80	33.93	0.58	2083.00	4.72	1909.00	26.92	26.62	29.44	27.82	23.75
S-24	111.02	18.23	?0.18	26.07	410.70	33.89	0.57	2081.00	4.76	1907.50	27.11	26.89	29.50	27.93	24.12
S-25	110.12	18.27	?0.23	22.91	42.70	33.75	0.49	2074.00	4.74	1908.00	26.95	26.59	29.53	27.83	23.89
S-26	110.57	18.01	?0.24	22.46	156.80	33.82	0.53	2077.00	4.74	1907.50	27.17	26.93	29.53	27.93	24.25
S-27	109.99	17.84	?0.23	22.94	66.00	33.74	0.49	2070.00	4.71	1907.20	27.13	26.81	29.56	27.93	24.24
S-28	109.92	17.69	?0.23	22.73	105.70	33.73	0.49	2068.00	4.71	1907.00	27.17	26.84	29.58	27.95	24.29

Tab.1 Environmental parameters (water depth is obtained in situ using CTD; other parameters are obtained from two online datasets)

Tab.2 Relative abundance of iGDGTs in SCS sediment (%)

Fig.3 The spatial distribution of iGDGTs concentration.

Fig.4 The spatial distribution of bGDGTs concentration. Major bGDGTs= bGDGT-I+ bGDGT-II+ bGDGT-III. Cyclic bGDGTs= bGDGT-Ib+ bGDGT-Ic+ bGDGT-IIb+ bGDGT-IIc+ bGDGT-IIIb+ bGDGT-IIIc.

Fig.5 The distribution of BIT.

Fig.6 Results of RDA analysis. (a) Triplot obtained by the RDA using six iGDGTs, 51.1% of the variation was explained by the first axis (RDA1) and 14.1% of the variation by the second axis (RDA2). (b) RDA triplot based on only four iGDGTs used for

TEX 86 H

. The RDA1 explained 79.9% of the variation and the RDA2 explained 8.1% of the variation. Blue open circles indicate the scores of the samples from>200 m water depth and black open circles from<200 m water depth.

Tab.3 The RDA result with all iGDGT compounds applied

Tab.4 The RDA result with only four GDGT compounds applied

Fig.7 Fractional abundance of crenarchaeol regio-isomer (Cren’) and the GDGT-2/GDGT-3 ratio. The blue diamond represent the samples from<200 m water depth and the red diamond from>200 m water depth.

Fig.8 Difference (ΔT) between

TEX 86 H

derived temperature and remote-sensing SSTs from different water depth. The green triangle represents annual mean sea surface temperature, the blue diamond represents the temperature in 20 m water depth and the red square represents the temperature in 50 m water depth.

Fig.9 Difference (ΔT) between

TEX 86 H

–derived temperature and seasonal remote-sensing SSTs. The blue diamond represents the samples from<200 m water depth and the red diamond represents that from<200 m water depth.

Tab.5 Results of RDA and partial RDA showing variance (%) in iGDGT composition explained by all significant environment variables (n=28)

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