Quasi-two dimensional Ruddlesden−Popper halide perovskites for laser applications

doi:10.1007/s11467-023-1347-6

Front. Phys.

2024, Vol. 19

Issue (2) : 23502 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1347-6

TOPICAL REVIEW

Quasi-two dimensional Ruddlesden−Popper halide perovskites for laser applications

Kun Chen^1,², Qianpeng Zhang^1,², Yin Liang², Jiepeng Song², Chun Li², Shi Chen³, Fang Li¹(

), Qing Zhang²(

)

¹. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
². School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
³. Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, Macau University, Macao 999078, China

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Abstract

Quasi-two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden‒Popper (RP) halide perovskites, as a kind of emerged two-dimensional layered materials, have recently achieved great attentions in lasing materials field owing to their large exciton binding energy, high emission yield, large optical gain, and wide-range tuning of optical bandgap. This review will introduce research progresses of RP halide perovskites for lasing applications in aspects of materials, photophysics, and devices with emphasis on emission and lasing properties tailored by the molecular composition and interface. The materials, structures and fabrications are introduced in the first part. Next, the optical transitions and amplified spontaneous emission properties are discussed from the aspects of electronic structure, exciton, gain dynamics, and interface tailoring. Then, the research progresses on lasing devices are summarized and several types of lasers including VCSEL, DFB lasers, microlasers, random lasers, plasmonic lasers, and polariton lasers are discussed. At last, the challenges and perspectives would be provided.

Keywords two-dimensional materials metal halide perovskite Ruddlesden−Popper halide perovskites lasing emission

Corresponding Author(s): Fang Li,Qing Zhang

About author: Peng Lei and Charity Ngina Mwangi contributed equally to this work.

Issue Date: 10 November 2023

Cite this article:

Kun Chen,Qianpeng Zhang,Yin Liang, et al. Quasi-two dimensional Ruddlesden−Popper halide perovskites for laser applications[J]. Front. Phys. , 2024, 19(2): 23502.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.1007/s11467-023-1347-6
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/Y2024/V19/I2/23502

Fig.1 Materials and fabrications of RP perovskite. (a) Drop casting preparation method. (b) Spin coating and Blade coating preparation method. (c) Slow cooling preparation method. (d) (PEA)₂PbI₄ crystals taken at 60 ℃. (e) Superlattice nanocrystals. (a) Reproduced from Ref. [20]. (b) Reproduced from Refs. [21, 22]. (c) Reproduced from Ref. [25]. (d) Reproduced from Ref. [26]. (e) Reproduced from Ref. [31].

Fig.2 Emission property regulation of RP perovskite. (a) Schematic diagram of the effect of doping Rb⁺ on PbI₆ octahedra. (b) The left figure shows the SEM image of undoped and Mn-2% doped sample and the right figure shows the PL and UV-vis absorption diagram of the sample doped with different concentrations of Mn. (c) The left image shows schematic diagrams of the layered structures of PEA, NMA and mixed PEA, NMA perovskites, while the right image displays a colored plot of the TA spectra of perovskite films with varying ratios of PEA and NMA cations. (d) The left figure shows the schematic diagram of crown ether and MPEG-MAA changing the crystal structure and passivating defects, the middle figure shows the PL quantum yield of different perovskite films, and the right figure shows the confocal PL intensity diagram of perovskite films with MPEG-MAA. (a) Reproduced from Ref. [50]. (b) Reproduced from Ref. [52]. (c) Reproduced from Ref. [53]. (d) Reproduced from Ref. [5].

Tab.1 The ASE wavelengths and thresholds for RP perovskites.

Fig.3 Amplified spontaneous emission properties of RP perovskites are presented in this study. (a) Energy transfer cascades occur as small n-value wide-bandgap quantum wells transfer energy to large n-value narrow bandgap QW emitters. The 2D-RPP thin films (NMA)₂(FA)Pb₂Br_yI_7?y (where y = 7, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0) can emit ASE in a broad range of wavelengths by adjusting the precursor solutions. (b) A diagram displaying the electronic transitions in multiphase perovskite thin films is presented. (c) The impact of an anti-solvent on (ThMA)₂Cs₂Pb₃Br₁₀ films was studied. The PL peak shifts from 518 to 513 nm after CB treatment. (a) Reproduced from Ref. [71]. (b) Reproduced from Ref. [73]. (c) Reproduced from Ref. [75].

Fig.4 Ways to control the gain of RP perovskites. (a) The output intensity’s correlation with stripe length is demonstrated for both the untreated perovskite film and the PVP-modified perovskite film. (b) The film subjected to CB treatment exhibits a net gain coefficient of 622 cm^?1. (c) The above is a mixed cation doping strategy, where the addition of long-chain NMA cations hinders the growth of perovskite grains by inhibiting their surface self-assembly. Meanwhile, the film morphology of CsFAMA and CsFAMA/NMA_0.8 perovskites is shown, as well as their SEM images. In addition, the integrated 1PP-ASE intensity of the CsFAMA/NMA_0.8 film is described. (a) Reproduced from Ref. [80]. (b) Reproduced from Ref. [81]. (c) Reproduced from Ref. [84].

Fig.5 RP perovskite laser. (a) A schematic diagram of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser is shown, with a corresponding PL spectrum. (b) This depicts the DFB resonator structure with an air-trench width of 120 nm, a grating period of 250 nm and a grating height of 60 nm. Additionally, a top-down SEM image and a graph showing the relationship between laser intensity and pump intensity are presented. (c) A PL image is presented to display the as-exfoliated n = 1 RP perovskite microflakes, followed by the biexciton Auger recombination process. The plot displays the variation of lasing thresholds for n = 3, 4, and 5 RP perovskites as a function of temperature, represented by data points. As the value of n decreases, the lasing threshold exhibits an upward trend. (d) A lasing image of the PEABr-FAPbBr₃ perovskite film. (a) Reproduced from Ref. [7]. (b) Reproduced from Ref. [87]. (c) Reproduced from Ref. [90]. (d) Reproduced from Ref. [93].

Fig.6 (a) Schematic diagram of embedding RP perovskite single crystals in an optical cavity formed by two DBRs. (b) Angle-resolved reflectivity spectra (left panel) and angle-resolved PL (right panel) spectra of 2D perovskite microcavity. (c) Angle-resolved reflectivity spectra of a PEAI crystal slab. (d) Schematic diagram of 2D polycrystalline perovskite microcavity with liquid crystal and experimental B_z distribution of low energy modes as a function of voltage. (e) The relationship between the energy of non-polarized PL and the momentum in the k_y plane in the B = 0 T magnetic field (left) and the B = 9 T external magnetic field (right) when T = 4 K; The red and blue lines represent the PL spectra measured at zero magnetic field and B = 9 T for k_x= 0 μm^?1, k_y= 3.7 μm^?1, respectively. (f) Experimental angle-resolved transmission of lattices with film thicknesses of 10 nm and 20 nm under s-polarized light. (g) Experimental results of the angle-resolved reflectivity spectra (left panels) and the angle-resolved PL response (right panels). (h) Degree of circular polarization of triangular patterns in the Fourier plane. (a, c) Reproduced from Ref. [96]. (b) Reproduced from Ref. [97]. (d) Reproduced from Ref. [100]. (e) Reproduced from Ref. [99]. (f) Reproduced from Ref. [101]. (g) Reproduced from Ref. [102]. (h) Reproduced from Ref. [103].

Fig.7 (a, b) Energy and momentum emission intensity diagrams of perovskite single crystals excited by two different incident pump fluxes. At 120 μJ/cm², that is, between two thresholds, exhibits bi-exciton laser emission. At 1200 μJ/cm², that is, above the second threshold, the emission collapses to the bottom of polariton dispersion and the bi-exciton emission stops, forming a polariton condensate. (c) The integral intensity of emission varies with the incident pump flux. Inset: enlarged view of weak excitation region.The black dashed line represents the first threshold, and the green dashed line represents the second threshold. (d) Real spatial emission map for two different incident pump fluxes. At 5 μJ/cm², i.e., below the first threshold, there are no interference fringes present. At 600 μJ/cm², i.e., above the second threshold, a macroscopic coherent state with interference fringes above 50 μm × 50 μm appears. (a?d) Reproduced from Ref. [105].

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