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Frontiers in Biology

ISSN 1674-7984

ISSN 1674-7992(Online)

CN 11-5892/Q

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Front. Biol.    2014, Vol. 9 Issue (5) : 347-355    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11515-014-1327-x
REVIEW
The correlation between iron homeostasis and telomere maintenance
Caiguo ZHANG()
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Abstract

Eukaryotic organisms require iron to sustain genome stability, cell proliferation and development. Chromosomes contain telomeres to ensure complete replications and avoid fusions. Numerous evidences reveal that iron can act directly or indirectly on telomere maintenance. In human, disruption of systemic or cellular iron homeostasis is reportedly to cause serious health problems such as iron overload (hereditary hemochromatosis), iron deficiency anemia, carcinogenesis and acceleration of aging process. These processes commonly associate with abnormal telomere length. Additionally, cells containing mutations in iron-containing proteins such as DNA polymerases (Polα, δ, and ?), regulator of telomere length 1 (RTEL1) and the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) have abnormal telomere length. This review briefly summarizes current understandings on iron homeostasis and telomere maintenance in cancer and aging process, followed by discussing their direct and indirect correlation, and the possible regulatory mechanisms.
Keywords iron homeostasis      telomere      telomere maintenance      cancer      aging     
Corresponding Author(s): Caiguo ZHANG   
Just Accepted Date: 11 August 2014   Online First Date: 02 September 2014    Issue Date: 11 October 2014
 Cite this article:   
Caiguo ZHANG. The correlation between iron homeostasis and telomere maintenance[J]. Front. Biol., 2014, 9(5): 347-355.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/10.1007/s11515-014-1327-x
https://academic.hep.com.cn/fib/EN/Y2014/V9/I5/347
Fig.1  The relationships of iron, telomeres, cancer and aging. Iron overload or iron deficiency can cause carcinogenesis. Most human cancer cells possess short telomeres, upregulated telomerase activity and catalytic protein component (hTERT). Iron levels generally increase with age. However, the correlation between telomeres and aging are currently controversial. Commonly, the telomere length is gradually shortened as aging, but some studies also indicate there is no strong association between them. Moreover, abnormal telomere length also has been reported in mutants depleted iron-containing proteins and in iron disorder patients. Aging associates with many events at cellular and physiological levels that influence carcinogenesis and cancer growth.
Fig.2  The possible mechanisms that iron involves in telomere maintenance. Firstly, disruption of iron homeostasis results in the activation of DNA damage checkpoint pathway, which further affects the coordination of telomere binding proteins with telomeres, and consequently leads to abnormal telomere length. Secondly, impaired iron homeostasis results in dysfunction of RNRs or their interaction proteins, which lead to the reduction of dNTP pools, eventually causing shortened telomere length. Moreover, iron homeostasis may also directly regulate telomerase activity and the stability of telomere binding proteins.
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