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Frontiers of Materials Science

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Front Mater Sci    2013, Vol. 7 Issue (3) : 227-236    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-013-0210-z
MINI-REVIEW
The effect of selected alloying element additions on properties of Mg-based alloy as bioimplants: A literature review
Li-Nan ZHANG, Zeng-Tao HOU, Xin YE, Zhao-Bin XU, Xue-Ling BAI, Peng SHANG()
Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Abstract

This review investigates the current application limitations of Mg and Mg alloys. The key issues hindering the application of biodegradable Mg alloys as implants are their fast degradation rate and biological consideration. We have discussed the effect of some selected alloying element additions on the properties of the Mg-based alloy, especially the nutrient elements in human (Zn, Mn, Ca, Sr). Different grain sizes, phase constituents and distributions consequently influence the mechanical properties of the Mg alloys. Solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening are enhanced by the addition of alloying elements, generally improving the mechanical properties. Besides, the hot working process can also improve the mechanical properties. Combination of different processing steps is suggested to be adopted in the fabrication of Mg-based alloys. Corrosion properties of these Mg-based alloys have been measured in vitro and in vivo. The degradation mechanism is also discussed in terms of corrosion types, rates, by-products and response of the surrounding tissues. Moreover, the clinical response and requirements of degradable implants are presented, especially for the nutrient elements (Ca, Mn, Zn, Sr). This review provides information related to different Mg alloying elements and presents the promising candidates for an ideal implant.
Keywords magnesium alloy      alloying element      corrosion      biodegradation     
Corresponding Author(s): SHANG Peng,Email:shangpeng69@hotmail.com   
Issue Date: 05 September 2013
 Cite this article:   
Li-Nan ZHANG,Zeng-Tao HOU,Xin YE, et al. The effect of selected alloying element additions on properties of Mg-based alloy as bioimplants: A literature review[J]. Front Mater Sci, 2013, 7(3): 227-236.
 URL:  
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/10.1007/s11706-013-0210-z
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foms/EN/Y2013/V7/I3/227
MaterialDensity /(g·cm-3)Compressive strength /MPaTensile strength /MPaYoung’s modulus /GPaElongation at fracture /%Refs.
cortical bone1.7-2.0164-24080-1503-303-4[3-4]
magnesium1.74-2.065-10017041-456.1[5-6]
Ti6Al4V4.43758-1117930-1140100-1108-15[4,6]
Co-Cr alloy8.3-9.2450-1000-230-[6]
Co-Cr-Mo alloy--908-1282-8-41[7]
stainless steels7.9-8.1170-310480-620165-20030-40[6]
hydroxyapatite3.05-3.15100-90040-20070-120-
PLLA1.2558.6±1.3-2.86~ 55[8]
AZ911.81-240453[4,9]
EW10--175±11-12±3[10]
LAE4421.62-247-18[3]
WE43-B1.84345220-2
ZK60-230320-12[9]
Mg-Ca-273.2±6.1239.63±7.21-10.63±0.64[11]
Mg-Zn-433.7±1.4279.5±2.342.3±0.118.8±0.8
Mg-Mn-Zn--28044~ 20
Mg-2Sr--213.3±17.2-3.2±0.3[12]
Mg-8Y1.853-201-257-10-14[13]
ZX50--295-26[14]
WZ21--250-28
Mg-4Zn-0.2Ca-297±5-4521.3±3.0[15]
Mg-5Bi-Ca/Si--205/240-40[16]
Tab.1  Comparison of the mechanical properties of different biomaterials for implant applications in comparison with cortical bone
Mg and Mg alloysFabrication methodAlloy composition /wt.%Grain size /μmMain phasesRefs.
Mg-Al-Zn-Al 9Zn 0.5---α-Mg, Mg17Al12[23]
Mg-Al-Zn-Ca-Al 9Zn 0.5Ca 1-3--α-Mg, Mg2Ca, Al2Ca
Mg-Al-Zn-RE-Al 9Zn 0.5RE 0.5-1.5--α-Mg, Mg17Al12, Al4RE
Mg-CacastingCa 0.5---155.5±10α-Mg, Mg2Ca[20]
Mg-Ca-xZncastingCa 0.5Zn 1--91.3±10α-Mg, Mg2Ca, Ca2Mg6Zn3
Ca 0.5Zn 3--87.6±10α-Mg, Ca2Mg6Zn3
Ca 0.5Zn 9--46.2±10α-Mg, Ca2Mg6Zn3, Mg51Ca20
Mg-SrrollingSr 1---32.3±6.7α-Mg, Mg17Sr2[12]
Sr 2---25.9±8.3α-Mg, Mg17Sr2
Sr 3---23.0±8.1α-Mg, Mg17Sr2
Sr 4---20.9±8.8α-Mg, Mg17Sr2
castingSr 1.5---145α-Mg, Mg17Sr2[24]
Mg-ZrcastingZr 5---100-200Mg, MgZr[25]
Mg-Zr-SrcastingZr 5Sr 2--10-25Mg, MgZr, Mg17Sr2
Zr 5Sr 5--10-50Mg, MgZr, Mg17Sr2
Mg-ZncastingZn 6--->20Mg, MgZn[11]
Mg-Zn-SrcastingZn 4.0Sr 0.5--69Mg, MgZn, Mg70Zn25Sr5, Mg71Zn23Sr6[24]
Zn 6.0Sr 0.5--67Mg, MgZn, Mg70Zn25Sr5 , Mg71Zn23Sr6
Mg-Zn-CacastingZn 4.0Ca 0.2--100-300α-Mg, Ca2Mg6Zn3, Ca2Mg5Zn13[15]
extrusionZn 4.0Ca 0.2--3-7α-Mg, Ca2Mg6Zn3, Ca2Mg5Zn13
Mg-Zn-MncastingZn 3Mn 1--50-80α-Mg, Mg7Zn3, Al-Mn (atom ratio 4:5)[26]
extrusionZn 3Mn 1--4α-Mg, Mg7Zn3, Al-Mn (atom ratio 4:5)
Mg-Zn-Mn-CacastingZn 1.8Mn 1.1Ca 0.3-175±15α-Mg, Ca2Mg6Zn3[27]
Zn 2.0Mn 1.2Ca 0.5-63±7α-Mg, Ca2Mg6Zn3
Zn 1.5Mn 1.1Ca 1.0-51±5α-Mg, Mg2Ca, Ca2Mg6Zn3
Mg-Nb-Y-ZrcastingNb1.15Y0.43Zr0.46-43.7±0.2Mg, Mg41Nd5[10]
Mg-Nb-Y-Zr-CacastingNb 1.16Y0.48Zr0.48Ca0.4337.6±3.1Mg, Mg41Nd5, Mg2Ca
Tab.2  Compositions and phase constituents of Mg-based alloys
Mg alloyMediumMeasurementIn vitro corrosion rate, P /(mm·year-1)Refs.
pure MgSBFimmersion testP w30d = 2.13[15]
Mg–4Zn–0.2Ca (as-cast)P w30d = 2.05
Mg–4Zn–0.2Ca (extruded)P w30d = 1.98
AZ91Dborax–phosphate bufferelectrochemical testP = 2.8±0.7[43]
LAE442P = 6.9±1.7
Mg–5Bi–1CaHank’s solutionimmersion testPw48h = 4[16]
Mg–5Bi–1SiPw48h = 7
Mg–6ZnSBFelectrochemical testP = 0.16[11]
immersion testPw30d = 0.07±0.02
Mg–0.5CaKokubo’s SBFelectrochemical testP = 4.2±0.24[20]
Mg–0.5Ca–1ZnP = 4±0.31
Mg–0.5Ca–3ZnP = 5.3±0.38
Mg–0.5Ca–9ZnP = 10.6±0.37
Mg–0.5Caimmersion testPw14d = 1.85
Mg–0.5Ca–1ZnPw14d = 1.23
Mg–0.5Ca–3ZnPw14d ~ 1.80
Mg–0.5Ca–9ZnPw14d = 9.13
Mg–2SrHank’s solutionelectrochemical testP = 0.87±0.08[12]
immersion testP w500h = 0.37±0.05
AZ91DNaCl solutionelectrochemical testP = 2.8–2.93[23]
AZ91D-CaP = 0.64
Tab.3  Corrosion properties of pure Mg and Mg-based alloys
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