Toward remote sensing with broadband terahertz waves

doi:10.1007/s12200-014-0397-3

Front. Optoelectron.

2014, Vol. 7

Issue (2) : 199-219 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-014-0397-3

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Toward remote sensing with broadband terahertz waves

Benjamin CLOUGH¹, Xi-Cheng ZHANG^2,³(

)

¹. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
². The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0186, USA
³. Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

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Abstract

This paper studies laser air-photonics used for remote sensing of short pulses of electromagnetic radiation at terahertz frequency. Through the laser ionization process, the air is capable of generating terahertz field strengths greater than 1 MV/cm, useful bandwidths over 100 terahertz, and highly directional emission patterns. Following ionization and plasma formation, the emitted plasma acoustic or fluorescence can be modulated by an external terahertz field to serve as omnidirectional, broadband, electromagnetic sensor. These results help to close the “terahertz gap” once existing between electronic and optical frequencies, and the acoustic and fluorescence detection methodologies developed provide promising new avenues for extending the useful range of terahertz wave technology. Our experimental results indicate that by hearing the sound or seeing the fluorescence, coherent detection of broadband terahertz wave at remote distance is feasible.

Keywords terahertz air plasma fluorescence acoustic

Corresponding Author(s): Xi-Cheng ZHANG

Issue Date: 25 June 2014

Cite this article:

Benjamin CLOUGH,Xi-Cheng ZHANG. Toward remote sensing with broadband terahertz waves[J]. Front. Optoelectron., 2014, 7(2): 199-219.

URL:

https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/10.1007/s12200-014-0397-3
https://academic.hep.com.cn/foe/EN/Y2014/V7/I2/199

Fig.1 (a) Schematic diagram of a THz-ABCD spectroscopic system in both transmission and reflection mode. The system can be converted from transmission to reflection mode by taking out the mirrors indicated with an enclosing dashed box. PMT: photomultiplier tube; BS: beamsplitter; β-BBO: beta-barium borate; (b) photograph of laser-induced air-plasma created after focusing the optical beam from left to right through a lens (left) and mounted nonlinear crystal (center) used for second harmonic generation. The bright horizontal line emits an intense, highly directional terahertz field to the right

Fig.2 (a) Dependence of terahertz field on fundamental (ω) pulse energy, with fixed second-harmonic (2ω) pulse energy; (b) dependence of terahertz field on second-harmonic pulse energy, with fixed fundamental pulse energy. The solid line and curve are the linear and square-root fits, respectively. Reprinted figure with permission from Ref. [4]

Fig.3 (a) Time-resolved terahertz signals generated and detected using dry nitrogen gas as compared to conventional electro-optic (EO) crystal detection in ZnTe. The probe beam for air detection has energy of 85 μJ and pulse duration of 32 fs; (b) corresponding spectra after Fourier transformation

Fig.4 (a) Basic concept of THz-ABCD: electrodes are placed at the geometric focus of collinearly focused terahertz and optical probe beams with a variable time delay. Second harmonic light is induced from the terahertz field and the local bias field

E bias

. Modulating

E bias

allows for heterodyne detection for enhanced sensitivity; (b) measured second harmonic intensity vs. third order nonlinear susceptibility χ⁽³⁾. All χ⁽³⁾ are normalized with respect to nitrogen. Data in (b) courtesy of Dr. Xiaofei Lu

Fig.5 3D-rendered Solidworks model of the high voltage square wave modulator

Fig.6 N-channel MOSFET full bridge topology used for switching voltages with drive signals A and B

Fig.7 Alternating voltage bias using an N-channel MOSFET bridge

Fig.8 Square wave high voltage modulator operating at maximum output voltage as determined by the DC-DC converter. The laser TTL output is sent to the modulator and a voltage divider is used to monitor the CH1 output. When operating with electrodes, the total output potential is CH1−CH2, twice that shown

Fig.9 Commercialized high voltage square wave modulator sold through Zomega Terahertz Corporation

Fig.10 3D rendered Solidworks model of the pulsed high voltage modulator prototype

Fig.11 Digital implementation of phase locked loop in a Xilinx CPLD to synchronize the digital circuitry timing to the laser trigger signal

Fig.12 Electronic pulse phase control circuitry implemented in the Xilinx CPLD. CB16X1: 16-bit loadable cascadable bidirectional binary counter; CB16CE: 16-bit cascadable binary counter; ADSU16: 16-bit cascadable adder/subtracter; COMP16: 16-bit Identity Comparator

Fig.13 Analog circuitry interfaced to Xilinx CPLD for the phase locked loop

Fig.14 A compact, high Q-factor, high turns-ratio transformer is pulsed using the output from the MOSFET bridge. The polarity of the high voltage output pulse is determined by the input pulse timing

Fig.15 Phase-locked output of the pulsed high voltage modulator showing filed polarity altering between each trigger from the reference

Fig.16 (a) Experimental geometry for THz-REEF from air-plasma using a single-color laser pulse excitation; (b) electron acceleration in the terahertz field and collision with neighboring molecules; (c) THz-enhanced fluorescence spectra of nitrogen gas-plasma under influence of 100?kV/cm peak field. © IEEE, reprinted, with permission, from Ref. [24]

Fig.17 (a) Time-resolved air-plasma fluorescence enhancement from terahertz wave interaction with antiparallel, symmetric, and parallel electron drift velocities with respect to the laser field, controlled by changing the relative phase between the ω and 2ω optical pulses; (b) subtracting the parallel curve from the antiparallel curve removes the incoherent energy transfer by electrons after inelastic collisions and scattering in random directions. This reveals the terahertz waveform in the form of fluorescence modulation. The optical pulse leads the terahertz pulse in time for delay t_d<0

Fig.18 “All air-plasma” terahertz spectroscopy system. Air-plasma filaments are used for both generation and detection of the terahertz electromagnetic radiation. (Light blue: terahertz), (Red: 800?nm pulse), (Blue: 400?nm pulse), (Purple: nitrogen fluorescence). Nitrogen fluorescence emitted from the probe plasma carries the encoded terahertz pulse information

Fig.19 (a) Terahertz pulses recovered from the radiation-enhanced-emission of fluorescence (REEF) and electro-optic sampling method using a 100?µm thick<110>GaP crystal; (b) corresponding spectrum after Fourier transformation

Fig.20 (a) Terahertz waveforms for pellet samples NG, 2,4-DNT, and HMX containing 20% chemical mixed with polyethylene obtained using electro-optic sampling; (b) absorbance signatures corresponding to samples in (a); (c) identical samples and corresponding waveforms obtained using radiation enhanced emission of fluorescence (REEF) encoding; (d) absorbance signatures corresponding to samples in (c). All curves are offset for clarity

Fig.21 (a) Experimental setup for performing terahertz enhanced acoustics using single-color femtosecond laser excitation; (b) single photoacoustic waveforms measured at 5?mm distance with (red-dashed) and without (black-solid) a 100?kV/cm terahertz field. The insert shows the acoustic spectra in linear scale. Amp.: amplitude; Acous. Freq.: acoustic frequency

Fig.22 Measured terahertz field dependence of acoustic pressure (red dots) at 100?kHz and quadratic fit (blue dashed line)

Fig.23 Normalized pressure enhancement signal at 100?kHz as a function of time delay t_d. Region I: terahertz pulse leads the optical pulse in time; region II: terahertz pulse trails the optical pulse in time. The dashed line is the calculated signal. Inset shows the acoustic signal at 100?kHz for different terahertz intensities incident on single-color laser-induced plasma and a linear fit

Fig.24 Experimental schematic for the THz-enhanced acoustics using two-color femtosecond laser excitation

Fig.25 Dependence of terahertz wave generation from plasma on the relative phase delay between 800?nm pulse and 400?nm pulse. The arrow refers to the electron drift direction. At the maxima of the terahertz emission, the electron drift velocity is highly asymmetric, while at the minima of the terahertz emission, the electron drift velocity is nearly symmetric

Fig.26 (a) Acoustic pressure enhancement as a function of time delay t_d at relative phase delay of π/2 (solid line) and –π/2 (dashed line). Inset, the experimental schematic of interaction of the terahertz pulse and two-color laser plasma; (b) comparison between the terahertz time-domain waveforms measured by terahertz-wave-enhanced acoustic emission and electro-optic sampling respectively in ambient air; (c) corresponding spectral comparison of the waveforms in (b). TEA; terahertz enhanced acoustics; EO: electro-optic

Fig.27 Temporal and spectral characteristics of acoustic pulses collected using a broadband microphone mounted at the 3 inch focus of a 12 inch diameter parabolic reflector. (a) Normalized temporal pressure transients at 0.5 and 11 meters from the plasma source; (b) normalized spectral comparison of 0.5 and 11 meter acoustic pulse propagation

Fig.28 (a) Acoustic pulses collected with and without direct line of sight to the plasma acoustic source from several meters; (b) terahertz enhanced acoustic signal collected at standoff distance of 1 and 3 meters from the plasma source using a 12" diameter parabolic reflector with the microphone positioned at the 3" focus

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