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Quantum simulation of Hofstadter butterfly with synthetic gauge fields on two-dimensional superconducting-qubit lattices
Wei Feng, Dexi Shao, Guo-Qiang Zhang, Qi-Ping Su, Jun-Xiang Zhang, Chui-Ping Yang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 61302-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1319-x
Motivated by recent realizations of two-dimensional (2D) superconducting-qubit lattices, we propose a protocol to simulate Hofstadter butterfly with synthetic gauge fields in superconducting circuits. Based on the existing 2D superconducting-qubit lattices, we construct a generalized Hofstadter model on zigzag lattices, which has a fractal energy spectrum similar to the original Hofstadter butterfly. By periodically modulating the resonant frequencies of qubits, we engineer a synthetic gauge field to mimic the generalized Hofstadter Hamiltonian. A spectroscopic method is used to demonstrate the Hofstadter butterfly from the time evolutions of experimental observables. We numerically simulate the dynamics of the system with realistic parameters, and the results show a butterfly spectrum clearly. Our proposal provides a promising way to realize the Hofstadter butterfly on the latest 2D superconducting-qubit lattices and will stimulate the quantum simulation of novel properties induced by magnetic fields in superconducting circuits.
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Dynamical-corrected nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation
Cheng-Yun Ding, Li Chen, Li-Hua Zhang, Zheng-Yuan Xue
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 61304-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1322-2
Recently, nonadiabatic geometric quantum computation has been received great attentions, due to its fast operation and intrinsic error resilience. However, compared with the corresponding dynamical gates, the robustness of implemented nonadiabatic geometric gates based on the conventional single-loop geometric scheme still has the same order of magnitude due to the requirement of strict multi-segment geometric controls, and the inherent geometric fault-tolerance characteristic is not fully explored. Here, we present an effective geometric scheme combined with a general dynamical-corrected technique, with which the super-robust nonadiabatic geometric quantum gates can be constructed over the conventional single-loop geometric and two-loop composite-pulse geometric strategies, in terms of resisting the systematic error, i.e., σ x error. In addition, combined with the decoherence-free subspace (DFS) coding, the resulting geometric gates can also effectively suppress the σ z error caused by the collective dephasing. Notably, our protocol is a general one with simple experimental setups, which can be potentially implemented in different quantum systems, such as Rydberg atoms, trapped ions and superconducting qubits. These results indicate that our scheme represents a promising way to explore large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation.
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Photogalvanic effect induced charge and spin photocurrent in group-V monolayer systems
Li-Wen Zhang, Ya-Qing Yang, Jun Chen, Lei Zhang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 62301-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1307-1
Photogalvanic effect (PGE) occurs in materials with non-centrosymmetric structures when irradiated by linearly or circularly polarized light. Here, using non-equilibrium Green’s function combined with density functional theory (NEGF-DFT), we investigated the linear photogalvanic effect (LPGE) in monolayers of group-V elements (As, Sb, and Bi) by first-principles calculations. First, by designing a two-probe structure based on the group-V elements, we found a giant anisotropy photoresponse of As between the armchair and zigzag directions. Then, we analyzed Sb and Bi’s charge and spin photocurrent characteristics when considering the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effect. It is found that when the polarization direction of linearly polarized light is parallel or perpendicular to the transport direction (θ = 0 ∘ or 90 ∘ ), the spin up and spin down photoresponse in the armchair direction has the same magnitude and direction, leading to the generation of net charge current. However, in the zigzag direction, the spin up and spin down photoresponse have the same magnitude with opposite directions, leading to the generation of pure spin current. Furthermore, it is understood by analyzing the bulk spin photovoltaic (BSPV) coefficient from the symmetry point of view. Finally, we found that the net charge current generated in the armchair direction and the pure spin current generated in the zigzag direction can be further tuned with the increase of the material’s buckling height | h | . Our results highlight that these group-V monolayers are promising candidates for novel functional materials, which will provide a broad prospect for the realization of ultrathin ferroelectric devices in optoelectronics due to their spontaneous polarization characteristics and high Curie temperature.
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Structure and dynamics of binary Bose−Einstein condensates with vortex phase imprinting
Jianchong Xing, Wenkai Bai, Bo Xiong, Jun-Hui Zheng, Tao Yang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 62302-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1316-0
The combination of multi-component Bose−Einstein condensates (BECs) and phase imprinting techniques provides an ideal platform for exploring nonlinear dynamics and investigating the quantum transport properties of superfluids. In this paper, we study abundant density structures and corresponding dynamics of phase-separated binary Bose−Einstein condensates with phase-imprinted single vortex or vortex dipole. By adjusting the ratio between the interspecies and intraspecies interactions, and the locations of the phase singularities, the typical density profiles such as ball-shell structures, crescent-gibbous structures, Matryoshka-like structures, sector-sector structures and sandwich-type structures appear, and the phase diagrams are obtained. The dynamics of these structures exhibit diverse properties, including the penetration of vortex dipoles, emergence of half-vortex dipoles, co-rotation of sectors, and oscillation between sectors. The pinning effects induced by a potential defect are also discussed, which is useful for controlling and manipulating individual quantum states.
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Realization of highly isolated stable few-spin systems based on alkaline-earth fermions
Wen-Wei Wang, Han Zhang, Chang Qiao, Ming-Cheng Liang, Rui Wu, Xibo Zhang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 62303-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1314-2
Few-level systems consisting of a certain number of spin states have provided the basis of a wide range of cold atom researches. However, more developments are still needed for better preparation of isolated few-spin systems. In this work, we demonstrate a highly nonlinear spin-discriminating (HNSD) method for isolating an arbitrary few-level manifold out of a larger total number of spin ground states in fermionic alkaline-earth atoms. With this method, we realize large and tunable energy shifts for unwanted spin states while inducing negligible shifts for the spin states of interest, which leads to a highly isolated few-spin system under minimal perturbation. Furthermore, the isolated few-spin system exhibits a long lifetime on the hundred-millisecond scale. Using the HNSD method, we demonstrate a characteristic Rabi oscillation between the two states of an isolated two-spin Fermi gas. Our method has wide applicability for realizing long-lived two-spin or high-spin quantum systems based on alkaline-earth fermions.
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Generation and modulation of multiple 2D bulk photovoltaic effects in space-time reversal asymmetric 2H-FeCl2
Liang Liu, Xiaolin Li, Luping Du, Xi Zhang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 62304-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1320-4
The two-dimensional (2D) bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE) is a cornerstone for future highly efficient 2D solar cells and optoelectronics. The ferromagnetic semiconductor 2H-FeCl2 is shown to realize a new type of BPVE in which spatial inversion (P), time reversal (T), and space−time reversal (PT) symmetries are broken (PT-broken). Using density functional theory and perturbation theory, we show that 2H-FeCl2 exhibits giant photocurrents, photo-spin-currents, and photo-orbital-currents under illumination by linearly polarized light. The injection-like and shift-like photocurrents coexist and propagate in different directions. The material also demonstrates substantial photoconductance, photo-spin-conductance, and photo-orbital-conductance, with magnitudes up to 4650 (nm·μA/V2 ), 4620 [nm·μA/V2 ℏ /(2e)], and 6450 (nm·μA/V2 ℏ /e), respectively. Furthermore, the injection-currents, shift-spin-currents, and shift-orbital-currents can be readily switched via rotating the magnetizations of 2H-FeCl2 . These results demonstrate the superior performance and intriguing control of a new type of BPVE in 2H-FeCl2 .
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Reconfigurable memristor based on SrTiO3 thin-film for neuromorphic computing
Xiaobing Yan, Xu Han, Ziliang Fang, Zhen Zhao, Zixuan Zhang, Jiameng Sun, Yiduo Shao, Yinxing Zhang, Lulu Wang, Shiqing Sun, Zhenqiang Guo, Xiaotong Jia, Yupeng Zhang, Zhiyuan Guan, Tuo Shi
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 63301-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1308-0
Neuromorphic computing aims to achieve artificial intelligence by mimicking the mechanisms of biological neurons and synapses that make up the human brain. However, the possibility of using one reconfigurable memristor as both artificial neuron and synapse still requires intensive research in detail. In this work, Ag/SrTiO3 (STO)/Pt memristor with low operating voltage is manufactured and reconfigurable as both neuron and synapse for neuromorphic computing chip. By modulating the compliance current, two types of resistance switching, volatile and nonvolatile, can be obtained in amorphous STO thin film. This is attributed to the manipulation of the Ag conductive filament. Furthermore, through regulating electrical pulses and designing bionic circuits, the neuronal functions of leaky integrate and fire, as well as synaptic biomimicry with spike-timing-dependent plasticity and paired-pulse facilitation neural regulation, are successfully realized. This study shows that the reconfigurable devices based on STO thin film are promising for the application of neuromorphic computing systems.
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Flat band localization due to self-localized orbital
Zhen Ma, Wei-Jin Chen, Yuntian Chen, Jin-Hua Gao, X. C. Xie
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 63302-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1306-2
We discover a new wave localization mechanism in a periodic wave system, which can produce a novel type of flat band and is distinct from the known localization mechanisms, i.e., Anderson localization and flat band lattices. The first example we give is a designed electron waveguide (EWG) on 2DEG with special periodic confinement potential. Numerical calculations show that, with proper confinement geometry, electrons can be completely localized in an open waveguide. We interpret this flat band localization (FBL) phenomenon by introducing the concept of self-localized orbitals. Essentially, each unit cell of the waveguide is equivalent to an artificial atom, where the self-localized orbital is a special eigenstate with unique spatial distribution. These self-localized orbitals form the flat bands in the waveguide. Such self-localized orbital induced FBL is a general phenomenon of wave motion, which can arise in any wave systems with carefully engineered boundary conditions. We then design a metallic waveguide (MWG) array to illustrate that similar FBL can be readily realized and observed with electromagnetic waves.
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Freeze-drying assisted liquid exfoliation of BiFeO3 for pressure sensing
Yuping Li, Mengwei Dong, Xuejie Zou, Jinhao Zhang, Jian Zhang, Xiao Huang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 63303-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1301-7
Breaking up bulk crystals of functional materials into nanoscale thinner layers can lead to interesting properties and enhanced functionalities due to the size and interface effects. However, unlike the van der Waals layered crystals, many materials cannot be exfoliated into thin layers by liquid exfoliation. BiFeO3 is a piezoelectric ceramic material, which is commonly synthesized as bulk crystals, limiting its wider applications. In this contribution, a freeze-drying assisted liquid exfoliation method was adopted to fabricate thin-layered BiFeO3 nanoplates with lateral sizes of up to 500 nm and thicknesses of 10−20 nm. The freeze-drying process showed a vital role in the preparation process by imposing stress on the dispersed BiFeO3 crystals during the liquid-to-solid-to-gas transition of the solvent. Such stress resulted in lattice strains in the freeze-dried BiFeO3 crystals, which enabled their further exfoliation under subsequent ultrasonication. Considering the intrinsic piezoelectric effect of BiFeO3 , pressure sensors based on bulk and thin-layer BiFeO3 were also fabricated. The pressure sensor based on BiFeO3 nanoplates exhibited a largely enhanced sensitivity with a wider working range than the bulk counterpart, because of the stronger piezoelectric effect induced and the extra electrical charges at abundant interlayer interfaces. We suggest that the freeze-drying assisted liquid exfoliation method can be applied to other non-van der Waals crystals to bring about more functional material systems.
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Alloy-induced reduction and anisotropy change of lattice thermal conductivity in Ruddlesden– Popper phase halide perovskites
Huimin Mu, Kun Zhou, Fuyu Tian, Yansong Zhou, Guoqi Zhao, Yuhao Fu, Lijun Zhang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 63304-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1315-1
The effective modulation of the thermal conductivity of halide perovskites is of great importance in optimizing their optoelectronic device performance. Based on first-principles lattice dynamics calculations, we found that alloying at the B and X sites can significantly modulate the thermal transport properties of 2D Ruddlesden−Popper (RP) phase halide perovskites, achieving a range of lattice thermal conductivity values from the lowest ( κ c = 0.05 W·m−1 ·K−1 @Cs4 AgBiI8 ) to the highest ( κ a / b = 0.95 W·m−1 ·K−1 @Cs4 NaBiCl4 I4 ). Compared with the pure RP-phase halide perovskites and three-dimensional halide perovskite alloys, the two-dimensional halide perovskite introduces more phonon branches through alloying, resulting in stronger phonon branch coupling, which effectively scatters phonons and reduces thermal conductivity. Alloying can also dramatically regulate the thermal transport anisotropy of RP-phase halide perovskites, with the anisotropy ratio ranging from 1.22 to 4.13. Subsequently, analysis of the phonon transport modes in these structures revealed that the lower phonon velocity and shorter phonon lifetime were the main reasons for their low thermal conductivity. This work further reduces the lattice thermal conductivity of 2D pure RP-phase halide perovskites by alloying methods and provides a strong support for theoretical guidance by gaining insight into the interesting phonon transport phenomena in these compounds.
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High-sensitive two-dimensional PbI2 photodetector with ultrashort channel
Kaiyue He, Jijie Zhu, Zishun Li, Zhe Chen, Hehe Zhang, Chao Liu, Xu Zhang, Shuo Wang, Peiyi Zhao, Yu Zhou, Shizheng Zhang, Yao Yin, Xiaorui Zheng, Wei Huang, Lin Wang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 63305-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1323-1
Photodetectors based on two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have attracted many research interests owing to their excellent optoelectronic characteristics and application potential for highly integrated applications. However, the unique morphology of 2D materials also restricts the further improvement of the device performance, as the carrier transport is very susceptible to intrinsic and extrinsic environment of the materials. Here, we report the highest responsivity (172 A/W) achieved so far for a PbI2 -based photodetector at room temperature, which is an order of magnitude higher than previously reported. Thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) was used to pattern electrodes to realize the ultrashort channel (~60 nm) in the devices. The shortening of the channel length greatly reduces the probability of the photo-generated carriers being scattered during the transport process, which increases the photocurrent density and thus the responsivity. Our work shows that the combination of emerging processing technologies and 2D materials is an effective route to shrink device size and improve device performance.
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Synthetic two-dimensional electronics for transistor scaling
Zihan Wang, Yan Yang, Bin Hua, Qingqing Ji
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 63601-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1305-3
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been considered to hold promise for transistor ultrascaling, thanks to their atomically thin body immune to short-channel effects. The lower channel size limit of 2D transistors is yet to be revealed, as this size is below the spatial resolution of most lithographic techniques. In recent years, chemical approaches such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and metalorganic CVD (MOCVD) have been established to grow atomically precise nanostructures and heterostructures, thus allowing for synthetic construction of ultrascaled transistors. In this review, we summarize recent developments on the precise synthesis and defect engineering of electronic nanostructures/heterostructures aiming for transistor applications. We demonstrate with rich examples that ultrascaled 2D transistors are achievable by finely tuning the “growth-as-fabrication” process and could host a plethora of new device physics. Finally, by plotting the scaling trend of 2D transistors, we conclude that synthetic electronics possess superior scaling capability and could facilitate the development of post-Moore nanoelectronics.
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HfAlO-based ferroelectric memristors for artificial synaptic plasticity
Jie Yang, Zixuan Jian, Zhongrong Wang, Jianhui Zhao, Zhenyu Zhou, Yong Sun, Mengmeng Hao, Linxia Wang, Pan Liu, Jingjuan Wang, Yifei Pei, Zhen Zhao, Wei Wang, Xiaobing Yan
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 63603-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1310-6
Memristors have received much attention for their ability to achieve multi-level storage and synaptic learning. However, the main factor that hinders the application of memristors to simulate neural synapses is the instability of the formation and breakage of conductive filaments inside traditional memristors, which makes it difficult to simulate the function of biological synapses in practice. However, the resistance change of ferroelectric memristors relies on the polarization inversion of the ferroelectric thin film, thus avoiding the above problem. In this study, a Pd/HfAlO/LSMO/STO/Si ferroelectric memristor is proposed, which can achieve resistive switching properties through the combined action of ferroelectricity and oxygen vacancies. The I−V curves show that the device has good stability and uniformity. In addition, the effect of pulse sequence modulation on the conductance was investigated, and the biological synaptic function and learning behavior were simulated successfully. The results of the above studies provide a basis for the development of ferroelectric memristors with neurosynaptic-like behaviors.
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Taiji data challenge for exploring gravitational wave universe
Zhixiang Ren, Tianyu Zhao, Zhoujian Cao, Zong-Kuan Guo, Wen-Biao Han, Hong-Bo Jin, Yue-Liang Wu
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 64302-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1318-y
The direct observation of gravitational waves (GWs) opens a new window for exploring new physics from quanta to cosmos and provides a new tool for probing the evolution of universe. GWs detection in space covers a broad spectrum ranging over more than four orders of magnitude and enables us to study rich physical and astronomical phenomena. Taiji is a proposed space-based gravitational wave (GW) detection mission that will be launched in the 2030s. Taiji will be exposed to numerous overlapping and persistent GW signals buried in the foreground and background, posing various data analysis challenges. In order to empower potential scientific discoveries, the Mock Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) data challenge and the LISA data challenge (LDC) were developed. While LDC provides a baseline framework, the first LDC needs to be updated with more realistic simulations and adjusted detector responses for Taiji’s constellation. In this paper, we review the scientific objectives and the roadmap for Taiji, as well as the technical difficulties in data analysis and the data generation strategy, and present the associated data challenges. In contrast to LDC, we utilize second-order Keplerian orbit and second-generation time delay interferometry techniques. Additionally, we employ a new model for the extreme-mass-ratio inspiral waveform and stochastic GW background spectrum, which enables us to test general relativity and measure the non-Gaussianity of curvature perturbations. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive showcase of parameter estimation using a toy dataset. This showcase not only demonstrates the scientific potential of the Taiji data challenge (TDC) but also serves to validate the effectiveness of the pipeline. As the first data challenge for Taiji, we aim to build an open ground for data analysis related to Taiji sources and sciences. More details can be found on the official website (taiji-tdc.ictp-ap.org).
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On the question of quark confinement in the Abelian U (1) QED gauge interaction
Cheuk-Yin Wong
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 64401-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1288-0
If we approximate light quarks as massless and apply the Schwinger confinement mechanism to light quarks, we will reach the conclusion that a light quark q and its antiquark q ¯ will be confined as a q q ¯ boson in the Abelian U (1) QED gauge interaction in (1+1)D, as in an open string. From the work of Coleman, Jackiw, and Susskind, we can infer further that the Schwinger confinement mechanism persists even for massive quarks in (1+1)D. Could such a QED-confined q q ¯ one-dimensional open string in (1+1)D be the idealization of a flux tube in the physical world in (3+1)D, similar to the case of QCD-confined q q ¯ open string? If so, the QED-confined q q ¯ bosons may show up as neutral QED mesons in the mass region of many tens of MeV [Phys. Rev. C 81, 064903 (2010) & J. High Energy Phys. 2020(8), 165 (2020)]. Is it ever possible that a quark and an antiquark be produced and interact in QED alone to form a confined QED meson? Is there any experimental evidence for the existence of a QED meson (or QED mesons)? The observations of the anomalous soft photons, the X17 particle, and the E38 particle suggest that they may bear the experimental evidence for the existence of such QED mesons. Further confirmation and investigations on the X17 and E38 particles will shed definitive light on the question of quark confinement in QED in (3+1)D. Implications of quark confinement in the QED interaction are discussed.
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Experimental studies for nuclear chirality in China
Shouyu Wang, Chen Liu, Bin Qi, Wenzheng Xu, Hui Zhang
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 64601-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1303-5
In the last decade, chiral symmetry in atomic nuclei has attracted significant attention and become one of the hot topics in current nuclear physics frontiers. This paper provides a review of experimental studies for nuclear chirality in China. In particular, the experimental setups, chiral mass regions, lifetime measurements, and simultaneous breaking of chirality and other symmetries are discussed in detail. These studies found a new chiral mass region (A ≈ 80), extended the boundaries of the A ≈ 100 and 130 chiral mass regions, and tested the chiral geometry of 130 Cs, 106 Ag, 80 Br and 76 Br by lifetime measurements. In addition, simultaneous breaking of chirality and other symmetries have been studied in 74 As, 76 Br, 78 Br, 80 Br, 81 Kr and 131 Ba.
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The factorization-assisted topological-amplitude approach and its applications
Qin Qin, Chao Wang, Di Wang, Si-Hong Zhou
Front. Phys. . 2023, 18 (6 ): 64602-.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1321-3
Heavy meson decays provide an important platform for studies of both QCD and electroweak dynamics, which may contain some portals to understanding of nonperturbative QCD and physics beyond the Standard Model. The factorization-assisted topological-amplitude approach was proposed to study two-body non-leptonic D meson decays, where a promising QCD inspired approach from first principles is still missing. It was also applied to B meson decays whose subleading power contributions are difficult to calculate. By factorizing topological amplitudes into short distance Wilson coefficients and long distance hadronic matrix elements either to be calculated or to be parameterized, it provides an effective framework to extract information of nonperturbative dynamics involved. With important flavor SU (3) breaking effects taken into account, the data of the decay branching ratios (and also CP asymmetries in B decays) can be fitted well. The extracted amplitudes were further applied to make predictions for other observables, such as CP asymmetries in D decays, mixing parameters in the D 0 − D ¯ 0 system. By this review, we will describe the formulation of the factorization-assisted topological-amplitude approach and summarize its applications in D and B meson decays and highlight some of its achievements.
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